IC-NRLF 


u 


SB    IS 


ES' 


A  N  U  / 


By  CAPTAIN  JAMES  A.  Mess 

sdih  U.  S,  Infant-  y 


BE  U.  S.  INFANTRY  ASSOCIATION,  WASH- 
ON,    D.    C,    and   THE    POST    EXCHANGE, 
H^HHKHI  PHILIPPINE  ISLANI-S. 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


INDEX 


Arms,   care  of 47 


Privates  of  the  guard 
Respect  for  sentinels 
Supernumeraries 


2 

IB 
19 


Bayonet,    care    of, 


48A 


Individual  cookine 79 


Care   of — 

Clothing,     arms    and    other    equip- 
ment       44 

Health     52 

Shoes     45 

Clothing,   care  of 44 

"Colors"    and    "Standards,"    meaning 

of      30 

Complaints  to  captain 42B 

Cooking,    individual 79 


Equipment,   care  of,    44 


Feet,   care  of,    56 

Field   service,    ! 

First  aid  to  sick  and  injured    . .  ,r. . .  57 

Forms  of  speech    41 


M 


Message,  delivery  of 

Military  Courtesy — 

Civilian   salute    

"Colors"  and  "Standards."  mean 
in#  of 

Military   salute,    

National    air    

Nature  and  oriein  of  salutes   .... 

Saluting   colors    and   standards    . . 

Saluting  the  flag   

When  and  how  to  salute    

Whom  to  salute  

Military  deportment  and  appearance 


43A 
26 

30 
27 
29 
26 
30 
29 
32 
29 
38B 


N 

Nomenclature  of  the  rifle    . ,  ,87 


Obedience     

Office,  how  to  enter, 


38A 

42A 


Guard  Duty — 

Calling  the  hours   11 

Challenge  table 12 

Color  sentinels    18 

Compliments  from  sentinels    15 

Countersign   10 

Detached  posts   25 

Duties  of  sentinels,  nature  of 1C 

Explanation  of  a  sentinel's  general 

orders    4A 

General  orders  for  sentinels  on  post  3 

Its  importance    1A 

Musicians  of  the  guard    23 

Night  Orders 8 

Orders  for  sentinels — 

At  guard  house 11 

Except  those  at  post  of  guard   . . 

In  charge  of  prisoners   

On  post    3 

Orderly  for  commanding  officer  ...  21 

Orderlies  in  general    22 

Outpost   duty    24 

Parole     .  10 


Payment,  how  conducted, 
Personal   cleanliness    


Rifle- 
Care  of , 

Nomenclature  of , 

Russet  leather  eauioment 


Saluting.      See    "Military    Courtesy. 

Shoes,  care  of 

"Standard,"    meaning   of 


Tan    leather 


42C 
40 


SOB 


w 


Witness,  how  to  appear  as 43B 


204128 


COPYRIGHT  1910 
By  J.  A.  MOSS 


Of   THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 
-CALlFOg] 


CHAPTER  I. 

GUARD  DUTY 

• 

A  Guard  duty  is  one  of  the  soldier's  most  important  duties,  and  in 
all  armies  of  the  world  the  manner  in  which  it  is  performed  is  an  index 
to  the  discipline  of  the  command  and  the  manner  in  which  other  duties 
are  performed. 

Upon  the  guard's  vigilance  and  readiness  for  action  depend  not  only 
the  enforcement  of  military  law  and  orders,  but  also  the  safety  and  pro- 
tection of  the  post  and  the  quelling  of  sudden  disorder,  perhaps  even 
mutiny. 

The  importance  of  guard  duty  is  increased  during  times  of  war,  when 
the  very  safety  of  the  army  depends  upon  the  vigilance  of  the  sentinels, 
who  are  required  to  watch  that  others  may  sleep  and  thus  refresh  them- 
selves from  the  labors  of  the  day.  The  sentinels  are  the  guardians  of 
the  repose,  quiet  and  safety  of  the  camp. 

Respect  for  Sentinels. 

B  Respect  for  the  person  and  office  of  a  sentinel  is  as  strictly  enjoined 
by  military  law  as  that  required  to  be  paid  to  an  officer.  As  it  is  expressed 
in  the  Manual  of  Guard  Duty,  "All  persons  of  whatever  rank  in  the  service 
are  required  to  observe  respect  toward  sentinels".  Invested  as  the  private 
soldier  frequently  is,  while  on  his  post,  with  a  grave  responsibility,  it 
is  proper  that  he  should  be  fully  protected  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty. 
To  permit  anyone,  of  whatever  rank,  to  molest  or  interfere  with  him 
while  thus  employed,  without  becoming  liable  to  severe  penalty,  would 
clearly  establish  a  precedent  highly  prejudicial  to  the  interests  of  the 
service.  (Davis'  Military  Law). 

Duty  of  sentinels. 

C  A  sentinel,  in  respect  to  the  duties  with  which  he  is  charged,  repre- 
sents the  superior  military  authority  of  the  command  to  which  he  belongs, 
and  whose  orders  he  is  required  to  enforce  on  or  in  the  vicinity  of  his 
post.  As  such  he  is  entitled  to  the  respect  and  obedience  of  all  persons 
who  come  within  the  scope  of  operation  of  the  orders  which  he  is  required 
to  carry  into  effect.  Over  military  persons  the  authority  of  the  sentinel  is 


2  CHAPTER  I. 

absolute,  and  disobedience  of  his  orders  on  the  part  of  such  persons  consti 
tutes  a  most  serious  military  offence  and  is   prejudicial   in   the   highest 
degree  to  the  interests  of  discipline.  (Dams'  Military  Law). 

Privates  of  the  Guard. 

Is  a  'member  of  the  guard  allowed  to  remove  his  accoutrements  or 
clothing,  or  to  leave  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  gaurd  house  without 
permission? 

He  is  not. 

From  whom  should  he  get  the  necessary  permission? 

From  the  commander  of  the  guard. 

During  his  tour  of  guard  duty  to  whose  orders  is  a  soldier  subject? . 

To  the  orders  of  the  commanding  officer,  the  officer  of  the  day,  the 
officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  of  the  guard  only. 

//  a  sentinel  should  receive  an  order  from  an  officer  who  is  not 
authorized  to  give  him  orders,  what  should  he  do? 

He  should  at  once  call  for  the  corporal  of  the  guard  and  report  the 
fact  to  him.  If  directed  by  the  corporal  to  obey  the  order,  the  sentinel 
will  do  so;  otherwise  he  will  not. 

Does  a  member  of  the  guard  salute  when  not  engaged  in  the  perform- 
ance of  a  specific  duty? 

Yes,  if  the  proper  execution  of  a  duty  does  not  prevent  it,  he  will 
salute  all  officers  that  pass. 

Whenever  the  guard  or  relief  is  dismissed,  what  does  each  man  do 
with  his  rifle? 

He  will  place  his  rifle  in  the  armracks  and  not  remove  it  therefrom 
unless  he  requires  it  in  the  performance  of  some  duty. 

After  a  private  has  been  assigned  to  a  relief  and  a  post  what  must 
he  take  care  to  do? 

To  remember  the  number  of  his  relief  and  the  number  of  his  post 
and  under  no  circumstances  to  change  from  one  relief  or  post  to  another 
relief  or  post. 

When  the  guard  is  formed,  what  does  a  member  of  the  guard  do? 

He  will  fall  in  promptly,  in  his  proper  place,  with  his  rifle. 

When  the  roll  is  called,  what  does  he  do? 

As  his  name  or  his  number  and  relief  are  called,  he  answers 
"Here",  and  comes  to  order  arms. 

What  does  a  member  of  the  guard  do  when  his  relief  is  formed? 

At  the  command  "1.  (Such)  relief,  2.  Fall  in",  he  falls  in  at  once, 


GUARD  DUTY.  3 

in  his  proper  place  according  to  his  number,  2,  4,  6,  and  so  on  in  the 
front  rank,  and  1,  3,  5,  and  so  on  in  the  rear  rank,  or  in  the  order  of 
their  respective  posts  from  right  to  left,  according  as  the  relief  is  in 
double  or  single  rank.  At  the  command,  "Call  off",  commencing  on 
the  right  the  men  call  off  alternately  rear  and  front  rank,  "one",  "two", 
"three",  etc;  if  in  single  rank  they  call  off  from  right  to  left. 

May  a  soldier  hire  another  to  do  his  duty  for  him? 

No,   sir;  under  no  circumstances. 

Should  a  soldier  be  found  drunk  while  on  guard  duty,  what  punisli- 
ment  will  he  suffer? 

This  is  considered  a  very  serious  offence  and  the  offender  will 
suffer  such  punishment  as  a  courtmartial  may  direct. 

ORDERS  FOR  SENTINELS  ON  POST 

A  Orders  for  sentinels  on  post  are  divided  into  two  classes,general 
orders  and  special  orders. 

Special  orders  define  the  duties  to  be  performed  by  a  sentinel  on  a 
particular  post,  and  are  prescribed  by  the  commanding  officer.  The 
number  and  limits  of  his  post  invariable  constitute  part  of  the  special 
orders  of  every  sentinel  on  post. 

General  orders  are  those  that  apply  to  all  posts  in  the  Army  and 
they  are  prescribed  by  the  War  Department. 

Sentinels  are  required  to  memorize  the  following: 

My  general  duties  are: 

To  take  charge  of  this  post  and  all  Government  property  in  view; 

To  walk  my  post  in  a  military  manner,  keeping  constantly  on  the 
alert,  observing  everything  that  takes  place  within  sight  or  hearing; 

To  report  every  breach  of  orders  or  regulations  that  I  am  in- 
structed to  enforce; 

To  repeat  all  calls  from  posts  more  distant  from  the  guardhouse 
than  my  own; 

To  quit  my  post  only  when  properly  relieved; 

To  receive,  transmit,  and  obey  all  orders  from  and  allow  myself 
to  be  relieved  by  the  commanding  officer,  officer  of  the  day,  an  officer 
or  noncommissioned  officer  of  the  guard  only; 

To  hold  conversation  with  no  one  except  in  the  proper  discharge 
of  my  duty; 

In  case  of  fire  or  disorder  to  give  the  alarm; 

To  allow  no  one  to  commit  nuisance  in  the  vicinity  of  my  post; 


4  CHAPTER  I. 

In  any  case  not  covered  by  instructions,  to  call  the  corporal  of 
the  guard; 

To  salute  all  officers  and  colors  or  standards  not  cased; 

At  night   to   exercise   the   greatest   vigilance.     Between   retreat 

(or   o'clock,    naming    the    hour    designated    by    the    commanding 

officer)  and  broad  daylight,  (or  o'clock,  naming  the  hour  desig- 
nated by  the  commanding  officer),  challenge  all  persons  seen  on  or 
near  my  post,  and  allow  no  person  to  pass  without  proper  authority. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  sentinels  posted  at  the  guardhouse 
or  guard  tent  will  be  required  to  memorize  the  following : 

For  the  orders  of  a  sentinel  on  outpost  duty,  see  254  A. 

Between  reveille  and  retreat,  to  turn  out  the  guard  for  all 
persons  entitled  to  the  compliment,  for  all  colors  or  standards  not 
cased,  and  for  all  armed  parties  approaching  my  post,  except  troops 
at  drill  and  reliefs  or  detachments  of  the  guard. 

At  night,  after  challenging  any  person  or  party,  to  advance  no 
one  but  call  the  corporal  of  the  guard,  repeating  the  answer  to  the 
challenge. 

A  What  is  meant  by  taking  charge  of  a  post  and  all  Government 
property  in  view? 

A  sentinel  on  post  represents  the  Government,  and  he  is  placed  there 
to  look  after  its  interest.  A  sentinel's  post  is  not  merely  the  line  on 
which  he  walks,  but  extends  to  the  next  posts  on  either  end.  Not  only 
is  the  sentinel  required  to  look  after  all  property  on  his  post,  but  he  is  also 
required  to  see  that  all  Government  property  in  the  immediate  neighbor- 
hood suffers  no  injury  of  any  kind. 

Explain  the  meaning  of,  and  the  reasons  for,  the  second  general 
order. 

"To  walk  my  post  in  a  military  manner",  means  to  maintain  the 
bearing  and  appearance  of  a  soldier,  keeping  the  uniform  orderly  and 
clean  and  avoiding  careless  or  slouchy  movements.  The  reason  for  this 
is  that  a  sentinel  on  post  usually  occupies  a  position  where  he  is  generally 
seen  by  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  his  own  organization  as  well  as  by 
those  of  others  and  by  civilians,  and  under  such  conditions,  a  sentine1 
walking  his  post  in  a  careless  and  slouchy  manner  would  be  an  unmilitary 
performance  that  would  naturally  create  a  most  unfavorable  impression, 
even,  in  some  cases,  to  the  extent  of  bringing  scorn  and  discredit  upon 
the  entire  command. 

"On  the  alert"  means  on  the  lookout  or  watch  against  attack  or 
danger;  ready  to  act,  and  "Keeping  constantly  on  the  alert,  observing 


GUARD  DUTY.  5 

everything  that  takes  place  within  sight  or  hearing"  means  that  the 
sentinel  shall  keep  his  mind  all  the  time  upon  his  duty  and  not  fall  into 
any  day-dreams.  In  this  manner  he  may  often  observe  things  that  would 
otherwise  pass  unnoticed,  and  though  they  may  seem  to  him  to  have  no 
bearing  upon  his  duty,  yet  from  the  answers  of  an  alert  sentinel  an  officer 
may  sometimes  obtain  valuable  information. 

What  is  meant  by  "Breach  of  orders  or  regulations"? 

A  "Breach  of  orders  or  regulations"  means  the  breaking  or  violating 
of  orders  or  regulations. 

What  is  meant  by  "Quitting  post"   and  by  "Properly  relieved"? 

"Quitting  post"  means  to  leave,  to  go  away  from  a  post. 

"Properly  relieved"  means  to  be  relieved  by  someone  who  has  the 
authority  to  relieve  a  sentinel,  that  is  to  say,  the  commanding  officer,  the 
officer  of  the  day,  an  officer  or  noncommissioned  officer  of  the  guard,  only. 

What  is  the  punishment  for  a  sentinel  leaving  his  post  before  being 
properly  relieved? 

This  is  considered  a  very  serious  offence  and  may  be  punished  by 
death  or  such  other  punishment  as  a  court-martial  may  direct. 

What  does  "Transmit  orders"  mean? 

It  means  to  turn  over  orders  to  the  next  sentinel. 

Explain  what  is  meant  by   "Disorder"? 

A  disorder  is  a  disturbance,  or  breach  of  public  order  of  any  kind, 
such  as  loud  and  boisterous  conduct  on  the  part  of  a  drunken  man,  or  two 
or  more  men  fighting  or  otherwise  misbehaving  themselves,  etc. 

What  is  meant  by  "Nuisance"  and  by  "Vicinity"? 

"Nuisance"  means  anything  that  is  disagreeable  or  offensive  or 
that  annoys  or  worries,  such  as  urinating,  etc. 

"Vicinity"  means  near  or  close  to. 

What  are  "Colors"  and  "Standards"  and  when  are  they  "Cased"? 

Colors  are  the  national  flag  and  the  regimental  flag  carried  by 
the  Infantry  and  other  foot  troops. 

Standards  are  the  national  flag  and  the  regimental  flag  carried 
by  the  Cavalry  and  Field  Artillery;  they  are  smaller  than  those  carried 
by  the  Infantry. 

Colors  and  Standards  are  "Cased"  when  they  are  rolled  and 
covered  with  a  water-proof  case. 

Explain  the  meaning  of  "To  exercise  the  greatest  vigilance". 

It  means  to  use  "the  greatest  watchfulness,  to  be  on  the  keenest 
lookout. 

Upon  reaching  the  end  of -his  past  is  a  sentinel  required  to  halt  and 


6  CHAPTER  I. 

change  the  position  of  his  rifle,  or  to  execute  to  the  rear  march,  pre- 
cisely as  prescribed  in  the  drill  regulations? 

No,  sir;  he  faces  about  while  marching  in  the  way  most  con- 
venient to  him,  and  either  to  the  right-about  or  left-about. 

Must  he  always  go  to  the  end  of  his  post  before  turning? 

No,  sir;  he  may  turn  at  any  part  of  his  post,  as  may  be  best  suited 
to  the  proper  performance  of  his  duties. 

How  may  a  sentinel  carry  his  rifle? 

On  either  shoulder,  and  in  wet  or  severe  weather,  when  not  in  a 
sentry  box,  he  may  carry  it  at  a  secure. 

How  do  sentinels  stand  in  sentry  boxes? 

At  ease. 

When  are  sentry  boxes  used? 

Only  in  wet  weather,  or  at  other  times  when  specially  authorized 
by  the  commanding  officer. 

May  sentinels  ever  stand  at  ease  on  their  posts? 

Yes,  sir;  in  very  hot  weather,  provided  they  can  in  this  position 
effectively  discharge  their  duties.  However,  they  will  never  take  advantage 
of  this  privelege  without  the  express  authority  of  the  commander  of  the 
guard  or  the  officer  of  the  day. 

When  calling  for  any  purpose,  challenging,  or  holding  communication 
with  any  person,  how  does  a  sentinel  hold  his  weapon? 

A  dismounted  sentinel,  armed  with  the  rifle  or  saber,  takes  the  posi- 
tion of  port  arms  or  saber.  At  night  a  dismounted  sentinel  armed  with 
pistol,  takes  the  position  of  raise  pistol  in  challenging  or  holding  communi- 
cation. 

A  mounted  sentinel  in  the  daytime  does  not  ordinarily  draw  his 
weapon  in  calling  or  in  holding  communication,  but,  if  drawn,  he  hold> 
it  at  advance  rifle,  raise  pistol,  or  port  saber,  according  as  he  is  armed 
with  the  rifle,  pistol  or  saber. 

At  night,  in  challenging  and  in  holding  communication,  he  has  his 
weapon  at  advance  rifle,  raise  pistol,  or  port  saber,  according  as  he  is 
armed. 

May  a  mounted  sentinel  dismount  while  on  duty  as  a  sentinel? 

No,  sir;  not  without  authority. 

Should  a  sentinel  ever  quit  his  piece? 

Only  on  an  explicit  order  from  the  commanding  officer,  officer  of 
the  day,  an  officer  or  noncommissioned  officer  of  the  guard.  Under  no 
circumstances  should  he  ever  yeald  it  to  anyone  else. 


GUARD  DUTY.  7 

(Note:  Unless  necessity  therefor  exists,  no  person  should  require 
a  sentinel  to  quit  his  piece,  even  to  inspect  it). 

What  should  a  sentinel  do  with  suspicious  persons  seen  prowling 
about  his  post,  with  parties  to  a  disorder  occurring  on  or  near  his  post 
and  with  unauthorized  persons  who  attempt  to  enter  camp  at  night? 

He  will  arrest  them  and  turn  them  over  to  the  corporal  of  the  guard. 

What  should  a  sentinel  do  in  case  he  should  notice  anything  unusual 
or  suspicious? 

He  should  at  once  call  for  the  corporal  of  the  guard  and  report  the 
facts  to  him. 

If,  by  reason  of  sickness  or  other  cause,  it  becomes  necessary  for  a 
sentinel  to  call  for  relief,  how  would  he  do  so? 

"Corporal  of  the  guard,  No. ;  Relief,"  giving  the  number  of 

his  post. 

How  does  a  sentinel  call  for  the  corporal  of  the  guard  for  any  other 
purpose  than  relief? 

"Corporal  of  the  guard,  No. ",  adding  the  number  of  his  post 

In  no  case  will  the  sentinel  call,  "Never  mind  the  corporal";  nor 
will  the  corporal  heed  such  a  call,  if  given. 

//  a  sentinel  is  to  be  relieved,  what  does  he  do  on  the  approach  of 
the  relief? 

When  the  relief  is  thirty  paces  from  him,  he  halts  and  faces  toward 
the  relief  with  arms  at  right  shoulder.  He  comes  to  port  arms  with  the 
new  sentinel.  He  then  gives  in  a  low  voice,  in  detail,  his  instructions  to 
the  new  sentinel.  At  the  command  "Post",  both  sentinels  resume  the 
right  shoulder,  face  toward  the  new  corporal  and  step  back  so  as  to  allow 
the  relief  to  pass  in  front  of  them.  The  new  corporal  then  commands, 
1.  Forward,  2,  March;  the  old  sentinel  takes  his  place  in  rear  of  the 
relief  as  it  passes  him,  his  piece  in  the  same  position  as  those  of  the 
relief.  The  new  sentinel  stands  fast  at  right  shoulder  until  the  relief 
has  passed  six  paces  beyond  him,  when  he  begins  to  walk  his  post. 

ORDERS  FOR  SENTINELS  EXCEPT  THOSE  AT  THE  POST 
OF  THE  GUARD 

What  should  a  sentinel,  except  the  one  at  the  post  of  the  guard,  do 
in  case  of  fire? 

He  should  call,  "Fire,  No. ",  adding  the  number  of  his  post;  if 

possible,  he  should  extinguish  the  fire  by  his  own  efforts.  If  the  danger  be 
great,  he  will  discharge  his  piece  before  calling. 


8  CHAPTER  I. 

What  should  be  done  in  the  case  of  a  fire  in  a  stable? 

First  the  proper  alarm  given;  then  the  door  toward  the  wind  closed, 
immediately  after  which  the  sentinel  should  begin  to  take  the  horses  out, 
commencing  with  those  nearest  the  fire.  If  the  fire  is  not  burning  fast, 
the  horses  are  turned  into  one  of  the  corrals,  not  near  the  fire,  or  they 
are  tied  to  the  picket  line ;  for,  if  merely  turned  loose  they  are  liable  to  run 
back  into  the  fire.  If  a  horse  refuses  to  lead  out  or  away  from  the  fire, 
his  head  should  be  covered  with  a  sack,  coat  or  something  else  and  he 
should  then  be  led  out.  If  the  fire  is  making  such  headway  that  there  is 
not  time  to  take  the  horses  out,  the  sentinel  should  then  merely  loosen 
them  all  and  trust  to  their  getting  out. 

What  should  a  sentinel,  except  the  one  at  the  post  of  the  guard,  do 
in  case  of  disorder? 

Call,  "The  guard,  No. ",  adding  the  number  of  his  post.     If 

the  disorder  be  great,  he  will  fire  his   piece  before  calling. 

NIGHT  ORDERS 

Between  retreat  (or  the  hour  designated  by  the  commanding  officer) 
and  broad  daylight  (or  the  hour  designated  by  the  commanding  officer), 
what  should  a  sentinel  do,  if  he  should  see  any  person  or  party  on  or 
near  his  post? 

He  should  advance  rapidly  along  his  post  toward  such  person  or 
party  and  when  within  about  thirty  paces,  challenge  sharply,  "Halt, 
who  is  there?"  The  sentinel  will  take  care  to  place  himself  in 
the  best  position  to  receive  or,  if  necessary,  arrest  the  person  or 
party. 

How  is  a  mounted  party  challenged? 

"Halt,  Dismount.    Who  is  there"? 

To  whom  may  a  sentinel  make  known  the  countersign? 

Only  the  sentinel  who  relieves  him,  or  to  a  person  from  whom  he 
properly  receives  orders — that  is  to  say  the  commanding  officer,  the 
officer  of  the  day,  or  an  officer  or  noncommissioned  officer  of  the  guard. 

What  is  the  penalty  for  making  known  the  countersign  to  a  person 
who  is  not  entitled  to  receive  it? 

Death,  or  such  other  punishment  as  a  court-martial  may  direct. 

Are  privates  of  the  guard  allowed  to  use  the  countersign  when  not 
posted  as  sentinels? 

No,  sir;  this  is  strictly  forbidden.     They  are  authorized  to  use  the 


GUARD  DUTY.  9 

countersign  only  in  the  performance  of  their  duties  while  posted  as 
sentinels. 

How  near  should  a  sentinel  permit  a  person  to  approach  before 
recognising  such  person  or  receiving  the  countersign? 

He  should  not  permit  any  one  to  approach  so  close  as  to  prevent  the 
proper  use  of  his  own  weapon  before  recognizing  the  person  or  receiving 
the  countersign. 

The  usual  distance  is  about  ten  feet.  It  should  never  be  less,  and  in 
the  case  of  mounted  parties  it  should  be  more. 

When  two  or  more  persons  approach  in  one  party,  how  are  they 
challenged  and  advanced?  Illustrate  with  "Friends". 

Sentinel:     "Halt,  Who  is  there"? 

Answer  by  one  of  party:     "Friends". 

Sentinel:  "Advance  one  to  be  recognized". 

Sentinel    (after  recognizing  party) :   "Advance  friends". 

If  one  or  more  of  the  party  are  entitled  to  the  salute,  the  sentinel 
will  then  salute. 

U'hat  must  a  sentinel  always  do  before  passing  a  person? 

He  must  satisfy  himself  beyond  a  reasonable  doubt  that  the  person  is 
what  he  represents  himself  to  be  and  that  he  has  a  right  to  pass. 

//  the  sentinel  be  not  satisfied,  what  should  he  do? 

He  should  cause  the  person  to  stand,  and  the  sentinel  should  call 
the  corporal  of  the  guard. 

//  the  commanding  officer,  the  officer  of  the  day,  or  some  other  person 
who  is  supposed  to  have  the  countersign,  can  not  give  it  or  gives  an 
incorrect  one,  what  should  the  sentinel  do? 

He  should  hold  the  person  and  call  the  corporal  of  the  guard. 

//  two  or  more  parties  approach  a  sentinel's  post  from  different 
directions  at  the  same  time,  what  does  the  sentinel  do? 

They  are  challenged  in  turn  and  then  advanced  according  to  rank, 
the  senior  first.  For  example,  if  the  answer  to  the  first  challenge  were 
"Friend",  to  the  second  "Officer  of  the  Day"  -and  the  third  "Commanding 
Officer",  the  sentinel  would  advance  them  in  this  order:  Commanding 
Officer,  Officer  of  the  Day  and  friend. 

A  "Friend  with  the  countersign"  would  be  advanced  before  "Friend". 

//  after  having  advanced  one  party,  any  of  the  others  should  attempt 
to  move  away,  ivhat  should  the  sentinel  do? 

Halt  them,  and  call  the  corporal  of  the  guard. 


10  CHAPTER  I. 

Would  the  sentinel  advance  the  Officer  of  the  Day  while  the  Com- 
manding Officer  was  in  communication  with  him,  the  sentinel? 

No,  sir;  not  unless  told  to  do  so  by  the  Commanding  Officer.  If 
not  told  to  do  so,  he  would  wait  Until  the  Commanding  Officer  left. 

//  a  sentinel  be  in  communication  with  a  party  already  advanced  and 
another  party  should  approach,  what  should  the  sentinel  do? 

He  will  at  once  challenge  the  approaching  party  and  if  the  party  chal- 
lenged be  senior  to  the  party  already  on  his  post,  the  sentinel  will  advance 
such  party  at  once.  Otherwise,  the  sentinel  will  not  advance  the  party 
unless  told  to  do  so  by  the  senior,  or  until  the  senior  leaves. 

Should  a  sentinel  who  has  advanced  a  junior  and  a  senior,  speak  to 
the  junior  while  the  senior  is  still  on  his  post? 

He  should  first  get  the  permission  of  the  senior  before  addressing 
the  junior. 

What  order  of  rank  should  be  observed  in  advancing  different 
persons? 

1.  Commanding   Officer; 

2.  Officer   of   the    Day; 

3.  Officer  of  the  Guard; 

4.  Officers; 

5.  Patrols; 

6.  Reliefs; 

7.  Noncommissioned  officers  of  the  guard  in  order  of  rank; 

8.  Friends. 

What  persons  are  advanced  with  the  countersign? 

All  persons  who  announce  themselves  as  having  the  countersign, 
such  as  "Officer  with  the  countersign",  "Friend  with  the  countersign", etc., 
and  all  persons  whose  answer  to  the  challenge  indicate  that  they  are 
entitled  to  the  use  of  the  countersign.  For  example,  the  Commanding 
Officer,  the  Offifficer  of  the  Day,  the  Officer  of  the  Guard,  Patrols,  Reliefs, 
and  Noncommissioned  Officers  of  the  Guard. 

What  is  a  countersign? 

It  is  a  word  given  daily  from  the  principal  headquarters  of  a  com 
mand   to   aid   guards   and   sentinels   in   identifying   persons    who   may   be 
authorized  to  pass  at  night. 

The  countersign  is  usually  the  name  of  a  battle. 

What  is  a  parole? 

It  is  a  word  used  as  a  check  on  the  countersign  in  order  to  obtain 
more  accurate  identification.  It  is  imparted  only  to  those  who  are 


GUARD  DUTY.  11 

entitled  to  inspect  guards  and  to  commanders  of  guards. 

The  parole  is  usually  the  name  of  a  general  or  some  other 
distinguished  person. 

//  no  countersign  be  used,  how  does  a  sentinel  advance  the  Com- 
manding Officer,  the  Officer  of  the  Day  and  others  who  are  entitled  to 
the  use  of  the  countersign? 

They  are  advanced  in  accordance  with  the  rules  just  given, 
except  that  instead  of  saying,  "Advance  (so  and  so)  with  the  counter- 
sign," the  sentinel  will  say,  "Advance  (so  and  so)  to  be  recognized". 
Upon  recognition  the  sentinel  will  say,  "Advance  (so  and  so)". 

About  what  two  tilings  should  a  sentinel  always  be  most  careful? 

Never  to  allow  himself  to  be  surprised,  nor  to  permit  two  or  more 
parties  to  advance  upon  him  at  the  same  time. 

What  is  meant  by  "Calling  the  hours" ? 

A  Between  the  time  when  challenging  begins  and  reveille,  when 
not  in  the  presence  of  the  enemy,  sentinels  may  be  required  to  call 
the  hours.  They  call  successively  in  the  numerical  order  of  their 
posts,  beginning  at  the  guardhouse,  each  one  giving  the  number  of 
his  post,  repeating  the  hour  and  then  adding  "All's  well".  Thus. 
"No.  2,  Half  past  ten  o'clock.  All's  well".  The  call  should  be  made  iu 
a  clear  and  distinct  manner,  without  unduly  prolonging  the  words. 

In  case  any  sentinel  fails  to  call  off,  what  should  the  one  next 
preceding  him  do? 

He  should  repeat  the  call,  and  if  it  is  not  taken  up  within  a  reasonable 
time,  he  should  call  the  corporal  of  the  guard  and  report  the  facts. 

What  punishment  will  be  given  a  sentinel  who  is  found  sleeping 
upon  his  post? 

This  is  a  most  serious  offence  and  is  punishable  with  death  or  such 
other  punishment  as  a  court-martial  may  direct. 

What  punishment  will  be  given  a  member  of  the  guard  who  quits 
his  guard? 

Such  punishment  as  a  court-martial  may  direct. 

ORDERS  FOR  SENTINELS  AT  THE  POST  OF  THE  GUARD. 

Between  what  hours  does  the  sentinel  at  the  post  of  the  guard  turn 
out  the  guard  at  the  approach  of  persons  entitled  to  the  compliment ? 

Between  reveille  and  retreat.  The  guard  is  never  turned  out  as 
a  compliment  after  retreat. 

What  is  meant  by  "Between  reveille  and  retreat"? 


12 


CHAPTER  I. 


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GUARD  DUTY.  13 

It  is  the  interval  between  the  firing  of  the  morning  and  evening 
gun;  or  if  no  gun  is  fired,  it  is  the  interval  between  the  sounding  of  the 
first  note  of  the  reveille,  or  the  first  march  if  marches  be  played,  and  the 
last  note  of   retreat. 
A       What  persons  are  entitled  to  have  the  guard  turned  out  for  them? 

The  President;  sovereign  or  chief  magistrate  of  a  foreign  country, 
and  members  of  a  royal  family;  Vice  President;  President  of  the  Senate: 
American  and  foreign  ambassadors;  members  of  the  Cabinet;  Chief 
Justice ;  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives ;  Committees  of  Con- 
gress officially  visiting  a  military  post;  governors  within  their  respective 
States  or  Territories;  governors  general;  Assistant  Secretary  of  War 
officially  visiting  a  military  post;  all  general  officers  of  the  Army; 
general  officers  of  a  foreign  service  visiting  a  post;  naval,  marine, 
volunteer,  and  militia  officers  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  and 
holding  the  relative  rank  of  general  officer;  American  and  foreign  envoys 
charges  d'affaires;  consuls-general  accredited  to  the  United  States; 
comamnding  officer  of  the  post  or  camp;  officer  of  the  day;  ministers 
resident  accredited  to  the  United  States. 

Illustrate  by  a  few  examples  the  manner  of  turning  out  the  guard. 

i  officer  of  the  day; 

I  commanding  officer; 

Turn  out  the  guard,  general  officer; 

)  Secretary  of  War; 

\  Governor  of  State. 

Should  the  person  named  by  the  sentinel  not  desire  the  guard  formed, 
what  happens? 

The  person  salutes,  whereupon  the  sentinel  calls,  "Never  mind 
the  Guard". 

Suppose  the  guard  is  already  turned  out  and  formed,  what  should 
No.  i  do  upon  the  approach  of  a  person  entitled  to  have  the  guard  turned 
out? 

If  the  party  approaching  were  senior  to  the  one  for  whom  the 
guard  had  been  turned  out,  No.  1  would  call,  "Turn  out  the  guard." 
If  the  person  approaching  were  his  junior,  No.  1  would  not  turn  out 
the  guard. 

Suppose  the  person  approaching  were  the  senior,  but  should  not 
desire  the  guard  turned  out  for  him,  what  would  No.  i  do? 


14  CHAPTER  I. 

He  would  call  "Never  mind  the  guard,"  just  the  same  as  if  the 
guard  had  not  already  been  turned  out. 

//  two  or  more  persons  entitled  to  have  the  guard  turned  out  should 
approach  at  the  same  time,  what  would  No.  I  do? 

He  would  call  for  the  senior  only.  If  the  senior  did  not  desire 
the  guard  formed,  No.  1  would  then  call,  Never  mind  the  guard". 

Would  No.  I  then  turn  out  the  guard  for  the  next  in  rank? 

No,  sir;  he  would  not;  for  the  guard  is  never  turned  out  for  an 
officer  while  a  senior  entitled  to  the  compliment  is  at  or  near  the  post 
of  the  guard. 

Will  the  guard  be  turned  out  more  than  once  for  the  same  officer? 

Yes,  sir;  as  often  as  he  passes,  but  should  the  officer  remain  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  guardhouse,  after  the  guard  has  been  turned  out, 
recognition  of  his  presence  will  be  taken  by  merely  bringing  the  guard 
to  attention. 

Is  the  guard  turned  out  on  the  approach  of  an  armed  party? 

Yes,  sir;  and  whether  the  party  is  commanded  by  an  officer, 
noncommissioned  officer  or  private,  No.  1  calls,  "Turn  out  the  guard, 
armed  party".  If  the  party  is  commanded  by  an  officer,  the  guard 
presents  arms. 

Is  the  guard  turned  out  for  armed  troops  at  drill  and  reliefs  or 
detachments  of  the  guard? 

No,  sir ;  it  is  not  . 

When  does  No.  1  never  repeat,  "Never  mind  the  guard". 

Upon  the  approach  of  an  armed  party. 

Will  the  guard  be  turned  out  on  the  approach  of  the  new  guard? 

Yes,  sir;  No.  1  calls,  "Turn  out  the  guard,  armed  party". 

Will  the  guard  be  turned  out  when  the  national  or  regimental 
colors  or  standards  are  carried  past  by  a  color  guard  or  an  armed  party? 

Yes,  sir;  if  they  are  not  cased.  No.  1  will  call,  "Turn  out  the 
guard,  national  (or  regimental)  color",  and  the  guard  will  turn  oui. 
and  present  arms. 

In  case  the  national  and  regimental  colors  are  carried  past  together, 
what  will  No.  I  call? 

He  will  call,  "Turn  out  the  guard,  national  colors". 

Would  the  guard  be  turned  out  if  the  colors  zvere  cased? 

No,  sir;  it  would  not. 

Is  the  guard  turned  out  if  the  party  carrying  the  colors  is  at  drill? 

Yes,  sir;  but  if  the  drill  is  conducted  in  the  vicinity  of  the  post  of 


GUARD  DUTY.  15 

the  guard,  the  guard  will  be  turned  out  when  the  colors  first  pass  and 
not  thereafter. 

Is  the  guard  turned  out  when  the  remains  of  an  officer  or  a  soldier 
are  carried  past? 

Yes, sir;  No.  1  calls,  "Turn  out  the  guard,  deceased  officer  (or 
soldier").  The  guard  turns  out  and  presents  arms. 

NIGHT   ORDERS 

(For  sentinels  at  post  of  guard) 

After  receiving  an  answer  to  his  challenge,  what  should  No.  I  calif 

He  calls,  "Corporal  of  the  guard,  (so  and  so)",  repeating  the 
answer  to  his  challenge. 

Does  he  in  such  cases  repeat  the  number  of  his  post? 

No,  sir;  he  does  not. 

How  long  does  he  remain  in  the  position  assumed  in  challenging? 

He  remains  at  port  arms  until  the  corporal  has  recognized  the  person 
or  party  challenged. 

What  does  No.  i  then  do? 

He  resumes  walking  his  post. 

//  the  person  or  party  advanced  be  entitled  to  a  salute,  what  doe* 
No.  i  do? 

He  salutes,  and  as  soon  as  the  salute  is  acknowledged,  resumes 
walking  his  post. 

Explain  what  No.  i  does  in  regard  to  calling  the  hours  of  the  night. 

At  the  direction  of  a  noncommissioned  officer  of  the  guard  he 
calls,  "No.  1  (such)  o'clock".  After  the  call  has  passed  around  the 
chain  of  sentinels  he  will  call,  "All's  well". 

In  the  event  of  such  a  disposition  of  posts  that  the  call  of  the 
sentinels  whose  post  is  last  in  numerical  order  cannot  be  heard  by 
No.  i,  what  is  done? 

The  call  "All's  well"  may  be  returned  along  the  line  to  the 
sentinel  whose  voice  can  be  heard  at  the  post  of  the  guard. 

COMPLIMENTS  FROM  SENTINELS. 

How  do  dismounted  sentinels  salute? 

A   dismounted   sentinel   armed   with   the   rifle   or   saber,   salutes   by 
presenting  arms;  if  otherwise  armed,  he  salutes  with  the  right  hand. 
How   do   mounted  sentinels   salute? 


16  CHAPTER  I. 

If  armed  with  the  saber,  and  the  saber  be  drawn,  they  salute  by 
presenting  saber;  otherwise  they  salute  with  the  right  hand. 

Explain  in  detail   how  a   dismounted  sentinel  salutes. 

As  the  person  or  party  entitled  to  salute  arrives  within  about  thirty 
paces,  the  sentinel  halts  and  faces  outward,  his  piece  at  right  shoulder  or 
his  saber  at  a  carry. 

If  the  officer  approaches  along  the  post,  the  salute  will  be  given  when 
the  officer  arrives  at  the  distance  of  about  six  paces. 

If  the  officer  passes  in  front  of  the  sentinel,  but  not  along  the  post, 
he  is  saluted  just  before  he  passes  the  sentinel's  front. 

If  he  crosses  the  post,  he  is  saluted  just  before  he  crosses. 

How  long  does  the  sentinel  remain  at  the  present? 

Until  his  salute  is  returned,  or  until  the  person  saluted  has  passed. 

When  does  the  sentinel  resume  walking  his  post? 

When  the  person  saluted  has  passed  about  six  paces  beyond  him. 

Does  a  sentinel  salute  an  officer  who  crosses  his  post,  but  who  does 
not  pass  within  thirty  paces  of  the  sentinel? 

Yes,  sir;  he  does.     (Decision  A.  G.  O.,  July  21,  1906). 

//  an  officer  passes  in  rear  of  a  sentinel's  post,  is  he  saluted? 

No,  sir;  he  is  not,  but  the  sentinel  stands  facing  outward,  at  the 
right  shoulder,  until  the  officer  has  passed  about  six  paces. 

What  does  a  sentinel  in  a  sentry  box,  armed  with  the  rifle,  do  on  the 
approach  of  a  person  or  party  entitled  to  salute? 

He  stands  at  attention  at  an  order  and  salutes  by  presenting  arms 
in  accordance  with  the  foregoing  rules. 

What  does  a  sentinel  do  if  armed  with  the  saber? 

He  .stands  at  the  carry  and  salutes  as  before  stated. 

How  does  a  mounted  sentinel  on  a  regular  post  salute? 

He  faces  outward  and  salutes  in  accordance  with  the  foregoing  rules. 

How  does  a  mounted  sentinel  doing  patrol  duty  salute? 

He  salutes  as  before  stated,  but  does  not  halt  unless  spoken  to. 

Who   are   entitled   to   salutes  from  sentinels? 

The  President;  sovereign  or  chief  magistrate  of  a  foreign  country 
and  members  of  a  royal  family ;  Vice  President ;  President  of  the  Senate ; 
American  and  foreign  ambassadors;  members  of  the  Cabinet;  Chiei 
Justice;  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives;  committees  of  Con- 
gress officially  visiting  a  military  post;  governors  within  their  respective 
States  or  Territories;  governors  general;  Assistant  Secretary  of  War 
officially  visiting  a  military  post;  American  and  foreign  envoys  or 


GUARD  DUTY.  17 

ministers;  ministers  resident  accredited  to  the  United  States;  Charges 
d'affaires;  consuls  general  accredited  to  the  United  States;  commanding 
officer  of  the  post  or  camp;  officer  of  the  day,  and  officers  of  the  Regular 
Army. 

Do  sentinels  salute  the  national  or  regimental  colors  or  standards? 

Yes,  sir;  if  they  are  not  cased. 

Does  this  apply  when  the  party  carrying  the  colors  is  at  drill? 

Yes,  sir ;  but  if  the  drill  is  conducted  in  the  vicinity  of  the  guard 
house,  the  sentinel  will  salute  the  colors  when  they  first  pass,  and  not 
thereafter. 

Do  sentinels  salute  armed  parties? 

Yes,  sir;  provided  they  are  commanded  by  officers. 

Do  sentinels  salute  the  remains  of  deceased  officers  or  soldiers  that 
are  carried  past  their  posts? 

Yes,  sir;  they  do. 

Do  sentinels  salute  officers  of  the  Navy  and  Marine  Corps? 

Yes,  sir. 

Do  sentinels  salute  the  military  and  naval  officers  of  foreign  powers? 

Yes,  sir;  they  do  just  the  same  as  if  they  were  their  own  officers. 

Do  sentinels  salute  officers  of  the  Militia? 

Yes,  sir;  when  the  Militia  officers  are  in  uniform.     (Cir.  92,  '09). 

What  should  a  sentinel  always  do  when  an  officer  who  has  been 
holding  communication  with  him  leaves? 

He  should  always  salute  the  officer. 

During  the  hours  when  challenging  is  prescribed,  when  is  an  officer 
saluted? 

As  soon  as  he  has  been  duly  recognized  and  advanced. 

Does  a  mounted  sentinel  armed  with  the  rifle  or  pistol,  or  a  dis- 
mounted sentinel  armed  with  the  pistol,  salute  after  challenging? 

No,  sir;  he  does  not.  He  stands  at  the  advance  or  raised  pistol 
until  the  officer  passes. 

What  does  a  sentinel  do  in  case  of  the  approach  of  an  armed  party 
of  the  guard? 

He  halts  when  it  is  about  thirty  paces  from  him,  facing  towards 
the  party,  with  his  piece  at  the  right  shoulder.  If  not  himself  relieved, 
he  will,  as  the  party  passes,  place  himself  so  that  it  will  pass  in  front 
of  him. 

When  does  he  resume  walking  his  post? 

When  the  party  has  passed  six  paces  beyond  him. 


18  CHAPTER  I. 

What  is   the   saluting   distance? 

It  is  the  limit  in  which  individuals  and  insigma  of  rank  can  be 
readily  recognized;  it  is  assumed  to  be  about  thirty  paces. 

Is  an  officer  entitled  to  the  salute  if  not  in  uniform ? 

Yes,  sir;  an  officer  is  entitled  to  salute,  day  or  night,  whether  in 
uniform  or  not. 

//  an  officer,  or  group  of  officers  remain  on  or  near  a  sentinel's 
post,  what  should  the  sentinel  do? 

He  salutes  but  once ;  after  that  he  walks  his  post. 

Should  a  sentinel,  in   communication  with  an   officer,   ever   interrupt 
the  communication  in  order  to  salute  a  junior? 

No,  sir;  he  should  not,  unless  directed  by  the  senior  to  do  so. 

When  the  "Star  Spangled  Banner"  is  played  on  a  FORMAL  occasion 
OTHER  THAN  ret" tat,  what  should  sentinels  on  posts  close  to  where  the 
ceremony  takes  place,  do? 

They  should  face  outward,  at  right  shoulder,  and  stand  at  attention 
throughout  the  playing  of  the  national  air,  provided  their  duties  do  nor 
prevent  their  so  doing.  (Cir.  87,  '09). 

When  the  flag  is  lowered  at  retreat,  and  aboard  transport  when  the 
flag  is  hoisted  at  guard  mounting,  what  should  sentinels  on  post  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  place  where  the  ceremony  takes  place  do  when  the  band 
plays  "The  Star  Spangled  Banner"  or  the  field  music  sounds  "To  the 
Color"? 

If  their  duties  are  not  such  as  to  prevent  their  doing  so,  they  stand  at 
attention  facing  the  flag  until  the  last  note  of  the  music  and  then  render 
the  salute  prescribed  for  the  weapon  with  which  they  are  armed.  (  Cir. 
87,  '09). 

ORDERS  FOR  COLOR  SENTINELS 
(Sentinels  posted   on   the  color   line) 

How  does  a  color  sentinel  call  for  the  corporal  of  the  guard? 

"Corporal  of  the  Guard,  Color  Line." 

Is  a  color  sentinel  on  post  subject  to,  and  will  he  observe  all  the 
general  orders  prescribed  for  sentinels  on  other  posts? 

Yes,    sir;    he    is.  subject    to    them    and    will    observe    them. 

What  are  the  special  orders  for  a  color  sentinel? 

He  will  not  permit  the  colors  to  be  moved,  except  in  the  presence 
of  an  armed  escort.  Unless  otherwise  ordered  by  the  commanding 


GUARD  DUTY.  19 

officer  he  will  allow  no  one  to  touch  the  colors  but  the  color  bearer,  01 
an  officer  or  noncommissioned  officer  of  the  guard. 

He  will  not  permit  any  soldier  to  take  arms  from  the  stacks;  or  to 
touch  them,  except  by  order  of  an  officer,  or  a  noncommissioned  officer 
of  the  guard. 

If  any  person  passing  the  color  or  crossing  the  color  line  fails  to 
salute  the  color,  the  sentinel  will  come 'to  port  arms  and  call  to  him, 
"SALUTE  THE  COLOR";  if  the  caution  be  not  heeded,  the  sentinel  will  call 
the  corporal  of  the  guard  and  report  the  facts. 

SUPERNUMERARIES 

What  are  the  instructions  regarding  supernumeraries? 

They  are  not  allowed  to  leave  camp  or  garrison;  they  will  hold 
themselves  constantly  in  readiness  for  detail  as  members  of  the  guard. 
They  will  not,  however,  be  excused  from  ordinary  camp  or  garrison  duties, 
but  will  not  be  detailed  for  anything  that  may  interfere  with  their  dutL* 
as  supernumeraries. 

SPECIAL  ORDERS  FOR  SENTINELS  IN  CHARGE  OF 
PRISONERS. 

What  sentinel  has  general  charge  of  prisoners? 

No.  i,  and  he  will  allow  none  to  escape  or  to  cross  his  post  leaving 
the  guard  house,  except  under  proper  guard  and  passed  by  a  noncommis- 
sioned officer  of  the  guard. 

What  are  No.  fs  orders  regarding  persons  communicating  with 
prisoners  in  the  guard  house? 

He  will  allow  no  one  to  communicate  with  them  in  any  way  without 
permission  from  proper  authority. 

What  should  he  do  in  case  of  any  suspicious  noise  made  by  prisoners? 

He  should  at  once  report  the  fact  to  the  corporal  of  the  guard. 

Must  he  be  prepared  to  tell,  whenever  asked,  how  many  prisoners 
are  in  the  guard  house,  and  how  many  are  at  work,  or  elsewhere? 

Yes,  sir. 

What  does  No.  I  do  when  prisoners  pass  his  post  returning  from 
work? 

He  will  halt  them  and  call  the  corporal  of  the  guard,  notifying 
him  of  the  number  of  prisoners  so  returning.  Thus:  "Corporal  of 
the  guard,  (so  many)  prisoners". 

Should  he  ever  allow  any  prisoners  to  pass  into   the  guard  house 


20  CHAPTER  I. 

until  the  corporal  of  the  guard  has  answered  his  call  and  ordered  him  to 
do  so? 

No,  sir;  he  should  not 

Should  a  sentinel  in  charge  of  prisoners  at  work,  allow  them  to  con- 
verse with  each  other,  or  with  any  one  else? 

No,  sir;  he  should  not,  unless  they  have  permission  from  proper 
authority. 

Should  the  sentinel  himself  speak  to  the  prisoners  in  his  charge ? 

No,  sir;  he  should  not,  except  in  the  execution  of  his  duty. 

What  is  a  sentinel  charged  with  regarding  the  deportment  of  pris- 
oners? 

He  will  see  that  they  do  not  struggle,  but  that  they  walk  in  a  mili- 
tary manner,  and  are  orderly  in  their  deportment.  He  will  also  see  that 
they  keep  constantly  at  work. 

How  should  a  sentinel  always  stand  with  respect  to  his  prisoners? 

He  must  always  keep  them  in  front  of  him,  and  never  allow  them  to 
walk  at  his  side  or  in  his  rear. 

Should  he  at  any  time  lose  sight  of  them? 

No,  sir;  never. 

What  does  a  sentinel  in  charge  of  prisoners  do,  when  an  officer  ap- 
proaches, or  when  the  sentinel  approaches  an  officer? 

When  within  six  paces  of  the  officer,  he  will  salute  with  the  rifle, 
taking  care  to  keep  his  prisoners  constantly  in  front  of  him. 

(Note:  At  some  posts  sentinels  in  charge  of  prisoners  are  exempted 
from  saluting  officers,  unless  addressing  or  addressed  by  an  officer). 

Is  a  sentinel  in  charge  of  prisoners  at  work,  responsible  that  they  do 
not  escape? 

Yes,  sir;  he  is,  and  if  he  allows  them  to  escape  he  will  be  punished 
as  a  court  martial  may  direct. 

//  a  prisoner  attempts  to  escape,  what  should  the  seentinel  do? 

He  should  call,  "Halt". 

What  should  be  done  if  the  prisoner  should  fail  to  halt? 

The  sentinel  will  repeat,  "Halt". 

Suppose  the  prisoner  should  still  fail  to  halt,  what  should  the  sen- 
tinel do? 

If  there  is  no  other  possible  means  of  preventing  his  escape,  tht 
sentry  will  fire  upon  him. 

Should  the  sentinel  fire  to  hit? 

Yes,  sir;  if  the  prisoner  does  not  pay  any  attention  to  the  command 


GUARD  DUTY.  21 

to  halt,  the  sentinel  must  fire  to  maim,  or  even  kill,  and  a  failure  to  fire 
with  this  intent  is  a  serious  military  offence,  to  be  punished  as  a  court 
martial  may  direct. 

(Xote:  No  more  force  than  is  necessary  should  ever  be  used.  If, 
for  instance,  the  use  of  the  rifle  as  a  club  would  prevent  a  prisoner  from 
escaping,  then  he  should  not  be  fired  upon). 

What  should  a  sentinel  in  charge  of  prisoners  do  on  approaching 
the  post  of  the  guard? 

He  will  halt  them  and  call,  "No.  1  (so  many)  prisoners". 

Should  he  allow  prisoners  to  cross  No.  I  post  until  so  directed  by 
the  corporal  of  the  guard? 

No,  sir ;  he  should  not. 

Are  sentinels  that  are  placed  over  prisoners  at  work  responsible 
that  the  prisoners  in  their  charge  shall  perform  the  work  properly  and 
satisfactorily? 

Yes,  sir;  they  are  held  strictly  responsible. 

A  ORDERLY  FOR  THE  COMMANDING  OFFICER. 

How  does  an  orderly  report  to  the  Commanding  Officer? 

When  directed  by  the  commander  of  the  guard  to  fall  out  and  re- 
port, he  gives  his  name,  company  and  regiment  to  the  sergeant  of  the 
guard,  and,  leaving  his  rifle  in  the  arm  rack  in  his  company  quarters, 
he  proceeds  at  once  to  the  commanding  officer,  and  reports,  for 
instance,  "Sir,  Private  Smith,  Company  'A',  Reports  As  Orderly". 

If  more  than  one  regiment  (or  if  parts  of  more  than  one  regi- 
ment) are  serving  at  the  post,  the  orderly  would  report,  for  instance, 
"Sir,  Private  Smith,  Troop  'A',  1st  Cavalry,  Reports  As  Orderly". 

If  the  orderly  selected  be  a  cavalryman,  he  will  report  equipped 
with  sabre  belt  and  sabre,  unless  otherwise  directed  by  the  commanding 
officer,  first  leaving  his  rifle  in  the  arm  rack  of  his  troop  quarters.  In 
the  field,  or  on  the  march,  the  equipment  of  the  orderly  will  be  as  di- 
rected by  the  commanding  officer. 

(Note.  When  the  new  orderly  reports,  the  commanding  officer 
usually  tells  him,  "Relieve  the  old  orderly,"  whereupon  the  new  orderly 
replies,  "Yes,  sir,"  and  then  salutes,  faces  about  and  leaves  the  office. 
He  receives  the  instructions  from  the  old  orderly. 

(Some  commanding  officers  require  the  old  orderly  to  report  after 
turning  over  his  orders  to  the  new  orderly.  Thus,  "Sir,  Private  Smith 
reports  having  been  relieved  by  the  new  orderly,"  and  the  command- 


22  CHAPTER  I. 

ing  officer  generally  says,  "You're  relieved,"  whereupon  the  old  or- 
derly salutes,  executes  about  face  and  leaves  the  office). 

To  whose  orders  is  the  orderly  subject? 

Only  to  the  orders  of  the  commanding  officer;  no  one  else  has  any 
authority  to  give  him  orders. 

What  should  he  always  be  careful  about  when  ordered  to  carry  a 
message? 

He  must  be  careful  to  deliver  it  exactly  as  it  was  given  him. 

Where  does  he  sleep? 

In  his  company  quarters,  or  in  such  other  place  as  the  commanding 
officer  may  direct. 

When  does  his  tour  of  duty  end? 

When  he  is  relieved  by  the  new  orderly. 

Is  he  a  member  of  the  guard? 

Yes,  sir;  and  his  name,  company  and  regiment  are  entered  on  the 
guard  report  and  lists  of  the  guard. 

NOTES. 

In  practice  the  following  common  sense  instructions  are  generally  given  the 
commanding  officers'  orderly: 

If  he  does  not  understand  a  message  given  him  for  delivery,  or  instructions  that 
he  may  receive,  he  will  ask  the  officer  to  repeat  them,  saying,  for  instance,  "Sir, 
Private  Smith  does  not  understand;  will  the  commanding  officer  (or  the  captain) 
please  repeat?" 

(See  page  50  D). 

He  acknowledges  the  receipt  of  orders,  messages  and  instructions  by  saluting, 
and  saying,  "Yes,  sir." 

After  having  delivered  a  message  or  returned  from  an  errand,  he  will  always 
report  accordingly  to  the  commanding  officer.  For  example,  "Sir,  the  commanding 
officer's  message  has  been  delivered  to  Captain  Smith." 

At  every  mess  call,  if  in  attendance  on  the  commanding  officer,  he  will  report 
to  him,  "Sir,  mess  call  has  sounded."  He  will  be  allowed  one  Pour  for  each  meal. 

To  be  relieved,  at  9  o'clock  P.  M.,  for  instance,  he  will  report  to  the  command- 
ing officer,  "Sir,  it  is  9  o'clock." 

When  called  he  will  enter  the  commanding  officer's  office  without  knocking. 

He  calls  the  attention  of  his  successor  to  all  special  instructions. 

ORDERLIES  IN  GENERAL. 

How  does  a  soldier  report  as  orderly  to  a  general  officer,  an  in- 
spector or  anyone  else? 

Wearing  side  arms  and  white  gloves,  he  proceeds  at  the  time  ap- 
pointed to  the  place  named  and  saluting  with  the  right  hand,  reports  to  the 

person  designated,  "Sir,  Private Company  -  — ,  -  -  Infantry, 

reports  as  orderly'' 

To  whose  orders  is  he  subject  while  on  duty  as  orderly? 


GUARD  DUTY.  23 

To  the  orders  of  only  the  commanding  officer  and  the  officer  for 
whom  detailed. 

(Note:  The  special  instructions  generally  given  the  commanding 
officer's  orderly  also  apply  to  all  other  orderlies.) 

MUSICIANS  OF  THE  GUARD. 

To  whose  orders  are  the  musicians  of  the  guard  subject? 

They  are  subject  to  the  orders  of  only  the  commanding  officer,  the 
officer  of  the  day,  officers  and  noncommissioned  officers  of  the  guard. 

Where  do  they  remain  during  their  tour  of  duty? 

Unless  otherwise  directed  by  the  commanding  officer,  they  remain  at 
the  guard  house  and  fall  in  with  the  guard  when  it  is  formed. 

They  form  on  a  line  with  the  front  rank  of  the  guard,  their  left 
three  paces  from  the  right  guide. 

Where  do  the  musicians  of  the  guard  sleep? 

They  sleep  at  the  guard  house,  unless  otherwise  directed  by  com- 
manding officer. 

What  are  their  duties  about  sounding  calls? 

They  sound  all  calls  prescribed  by  the  commanding  officer,  and  such 
other  calls  as  may  be  ordered  by  proper  authority,  at  such  times  and 
places  as  may  be  directed. 

Should  the  guard  be  turned  out  for  national  or  regimental  colors  or 
standards,  what  do  the  musicians  do? 

When  the  guard  presents  arms,  the  field  music  sounds,  "To  the 
Color,"  or,  "To  the  Standard." 

When  the  guard  is  turned  out  as  a  compliment  to  a  person  entitled 
to  the  march,  flourishes  or  ruffles,  what  does  the  field  music  do? 

When  the  guard  presents  arms,  the  field  music  sounds  off  as  follows : 

For  the  President — the  President's  March; 

For  a  General — the  General's  March ; 

For  a  Lieutenant  General — three  flourishes ; 

For  a  Major  General — two  flourishes; 

For  a  Brigadier  General — one  flourish. 

To  the  sovereign  or  chief  magistrate  of  a  foreign  state  or  member 
of  a  royal  family — the  same  honors  as  are  paid  to  the  President. 

To  the  Vice  President,  the  members  of  the  Cabinet,  the  Chief  Jus- 
tice, the  President  of  the  Senate,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, American  or  foreign  ambassadors,  and  governors  within  their 
respective  States  or  Territories — the  same  honors  as  to  the  General. 


24  CHAPTER  I. 

To  the  Assistant  Secretary  of  War  and  to  American  or  foreign 
envoys  or  ministers — the  same  honors  as  to  the  Lieutenant  General. 

To  officers  of  the  Navy — the  honors  due  to  their  assimilated  or  re- 
lative rank;  to  officers  of  marines  and  volunteers  and  militia,  when  in  the 
service  of  the  United  States,  the  honors  due  to  like  grades  in  the  regular 
service;  to  officers  of  a  foreign  service,  the  honors  due  to  their  rank. 

(Note.  The  musicians  of  the  guard  are  sometimes  used  as  orderlies  for  the 
Adjutant's  Office,  from  which  place  they  sound  all  calls.  When  this  practice  obtains 
the  musician  of  the  new  guard  is  sometimes  required  to  proceed  to  the  Adjutant's 
Office  after  the  new  guard  has  reached  the  guard  house,  and  to  report  to  the  Adjutant.) 

USUAL  INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  SENTINELS  ON  OUTPOST 

DUTY 

a.  Where  the  enemy  is  or  is  supposed  to  be  and  the  direction  from 
which  he  may  be  expected  to  come;  the  names  of  villages,  streams  and 
prominent  features  in  sight  and  where  the  roads  lead. 

b.  The  number  (if  any}  of  his  post,  and  the  number  of  his  and  the 
adjoining  outguards;  the  position  of  the  support;  the  line  of  retreat  to 
be  followed  if  the  outguard  is  compelled   to   fall  back;   the  position  of 
advance  detachments  and  whether  friendly  patrols  are  operating  in  front. 

c.  He  watches  to   the  front  and  flanks  zvithout   intermission,  and 
devotes  special  attention  to  unusual  or  suspicious  occurrences;  if  he  sees 
indications  of  the  enemy,  he  at  once  notifies  the  commmander  of  the  out- 
guard;  in  case  of  imminent  danger,  or  when  an  attack  is  made,  he  gives 
the  alarm  by  firing  rapidly. 

d.  By  day,  officers,  noncommissioned  officers  and  detachments  recog- 
nized as  parts  of  the  outposts,  and  officers  known  to  have  authority  to  do 
so,  are  allowed  to  pass  in  and  out;  all  others  are  detained  and  the  com 
mander  of  the  outguard,  notified. 

e.  At  night,  when  persons  approach  his  post,  the  sentinel  comes  to 
a    ready,   halts   them   and   notifies   the   outguard    commander;    the    latter 
challenges,  learns  who  they  are,  and  acts  according  to  circumstances. 

f.  Individuals   who   fail   to    halt,   or   otherwise   disobey   a   sentinel, 
are  fired  upon  after  a  second  warning,  or  sooner  if  they  attempt  to  attack 
or  escape. 

g.  Deserters  are  required  to  lay  down  their  arms,  and  a  patrol  is 
sent  out  to  bring  them  in.    Deserters  pursued  by  the  enemy  are  ordered 
to  drop  their  arms  and  an  alarm  is  given;  if  they  fail  to  obey  they  ar.; 
fired  upon. 

h.    Bearers  of  flags  of  truce  and  their  escorts  are   halted  and  re- 


UNIVERSITY 

OF 


GUARD  DUTY.  25 

quired  to  face  outwards;   they  are  then  blindfolded  and  disposed  of  in 
accordance  with  instructions  from   the  support  commander. 

i.  At  night  a  sentinel  stands  practically  in  the  same  spot,  moving 
about  for  purposes  of  observation  only;  he  does  not  sit  or  lie  down  unless 
authorized  to  do  so.  In  the  day  time  lie  makes  use  of  natural  or  artificial 
cover  and  assumes  such  positions  as  give  him  the  best  field  of  view.  H*. 
informs  passing  patrols  of  what  he  has  seen.  His  weapon  is  habitually 
loaded  and  locked  and  carried  at  will. 

(Note:  Troops  on  outpost  duty  pay  no  compliments,  and  soldiers  salute  only 
when  they  address,  or  are  addressed  by  a  superior). 

A  Detached  Posts — Detached  posts  are  practically  the  same  as  the 
supports  of  an  outpost,  but  occupy  positions  at  some  distance  from 
the  general  line  of  resistance.  They  may  be  sent  out  to  hold  points  which 
are  of  importance  to  the  outpost  cavalry,  such  as  a  ford  or  a  junction  of 
roads ;  or  to  occupy  positions  especially  favorable  for  observation,  but 
too  far  to  the  front  to  be  included  in  the  line  of  observation ;  or  to 
protect  flanks  of  the  outpost  position.  Such  posts  are  generally  established 
by  the  outpost  commander,  but  a  support  commander  might  find  it  neces- 
sary to  establish  a  post  practically  detached  from  the  rest  of  his  command. 
Special  orders  are  given  the  commander  of  a  detached  post  by  the 
officer  sending  him  out. 


26 


CHAPTER  II. 


CHAPTER  II. 
MILITARY  COURTESY 

Its  Importance.  Some  soldiers  do  not  see  the 
necessity  for  saluting,  standing  at  attention,  and 
other  forms  of  courtesy,  because  they  do  not  under 
stand  their  significance, — their  object.  It  is  'a  well- 
known  fact  that  military  courtesy  is  a  very  import- 
ant part  of  the  education  of  the  soldier,  and  there  are 
good  reasons  for  it. 

General  Orders  No.  183,  Division  of  the  Philip- 
pines, 1901,  says:  "In  all  armies 
the  manner  in  which  military  cour- 
tesies are  observed  and  rendered 
by  officers  and  soldiers,  is  the  in- 
dex to  the  manner  in  which  other 
duties  are  performed." 

The  Army  Regulations  tells 
us,  "Courtesy  among  military  men 
is  indispensable  to  discipline;  re- 
spect to  superiors  will  not  be  con- 
fined to  obedience  on  duty,  but  will 
be  extended  on  all  occasions." 


THE  NATURE  OF  SALUTES  AND  THEIR 

ORIGIN, 
(a)     The  Civilian  Salute. 

When  a  gentleman  raises  his  hat  to  a  lady  he 
is  but  continuing  a  custom  that  had  its  beginning  in 
the  days  of  knighthood,  when  every  knight  wore  his 
helmet  as  a  protection  against  foes.  However,  when 
coming  among  friends,  especially  ladies,  the  knight 
would  remove  his  helmet  as  a  mark  of  confidence 
and  trust  in  his  friends.  In  those  days  failure  to 
remove  the  helmet  in  the  presence  of  ladies  signi-- 


MILITARY  COURTESY. 


27 


fied  distrust  and  want  of  confidence — today  it   signifies  impoliteness 
and  a  want  of  good  breeding. 

(b)     The  Military  Salute. 

From  time  immemorial  subordinates  have  always  uncovered  be- 
fore superiors,  and  equals  have  always  acknowledged  each  other's 
presence  by  some  courtesy — this  seems  to  be  one  of  the  natural, 
nobler  instincts  of  man.  It  was  not  so  many  years  ago  when  a  sen- 
tinel saluted  not  only  with  his  gun  but  by  taking  off  his  hat  also. 
However,  when  complicated  headgear  like  the  bearskin  and  the  hel- 
met came  into  use,  they  could  not  be  readily  removed  and  the  act  of  re- 
moving the  hat  was  finally  conventionalized  into  the  present  salute— 
into  the  movement  of  the  hand  to  the  visor  as  if  the 
hat  were  going  to  be  removed. 

Every  once  in  a  while  a  man  is  found  who  has 
the  mistaken  idea  that  he  smothers  the  American 
spirit  of  freedom,  that  he  sacrifices  his  independence, 
by  saluting  his  officers.  Of  course,  no  one  but  an 
anarchist  or  a  man  with  a  small,  shrivelled-up  mind 
can  have  such  ideas. 

Manly  deference  to  superiors,  which  in  the 
Army  is  merely  recognition  of  constituted  authority, 
does  not  imply  admission  of  inferiority  any  more 
than  respect  for  law  implies  cowardice. 

The  recruit  should  at  once  rid  himself  of  the 
idea  that  saluting  and  other  forms  of  military  cour 
tesy  are  un-American.  The  salute  is  the  soldier's 
claim  from  the  very  highest  in  the  land  to  instant 
recognition  as  a  soldier.  The  raw  recruit  by  his 
simple  act  of  saluting,  commands  like  honor  from  the 
ranking  general  of  the  Army — aye,  from  even  the 
President  of  the  United  States. 

While  the  personal  element  naturally  enter,, 
into  the  salute  to  a  certain  extent,  when  a  soldier 
salutes  an  officer  he  is  really  saluting  the  office  rather  than  the  officer 
personally — the  salute  is  rendered  as  a  mark  of  respect  to  the  rank, 
the  position  that  the  officer  holds,  to  the  authority  with  which  he  is 
vested.  A  man  with  the  true  soldierly  instinct  never  misses  an  oppor- 
tunity to  salute  his  officers. 


28  CHAPTER  II. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  military  courtesy  is  just  simply  an  application 
of  common,  every-day  courtesy  and  common  sense.  In  common, 
every-da}'  courtesy  no  man  with  the  instincts  of  a  gentleman  ever 
thinks  about  taking  advantage  of  this  thing  and  that  thing  in  order 
to  avoid  paying  to  his  fellow-man  the  ordinary,  conventional  cour- 
tesies of  life,  and  if  there  is  ever  any  doubt  about  the  matter,  he 
takes  no  chances  but  extends  the  courtesy.  .And  this  is  just  exactly 
what  the  man  who  has  the  instincts  of  a  real  soldier  does  in  the  case 
of  military  courtesy.  The  thought  of  "Should  I  salute  or  should  I 
not  salute"  never  enters  the  mind  of  a  soldier  just 
because  he  happens  to  be  in  a  wagon,  in  a  post 
office,  etc. 

In  all  armies  of  the  world,  all  officers  and  sol- 
diers are  required  to  salute  each  other  whenever 
they  meet  or  pass,  the  subordinate  saluting  first. 
The  salute  on  the  part  of  the  subordinate  is  not 
intended  in  any  way  as  an  act  of  degradation  or  a 
mark  of  inferiority,  but  is  simply  a  military  courtesy 
that  is  as  binding  on  the  officer  as  it  is  on  the  pri- 
vate, and  just  as  the  enlisted  man  is  required  to  salute 
the  officer  first,  so  is  the  officer  required  to  salute 
his  superiors  first.  It  is  a  bond  uniting  all  in  a 
common  profession,  marking  the  fact  that  above 
them  there  is  an  authority  that  both  recognize  and 
obey — the  Country!  Indeed,  by  custom  and  regu- 
lations, it  is  as  obligatory  for  the  ranking  general 
of  the  Army  to  return  the  salute  of  the  recruit,  as 
it  is  for  the  latter  to  give  it. 

Needed:  A  Week  Let  it  be  remembered  that  the  military  salute 

of  extra  fatigue.     }g  &  form  of  greeting  that  belongs  exclusively  to  the 

military  arm  of  the  Government — to  the  soldier,  the  sailor,  the  marine 
— it  is  the  mark  and  prerogative  of  the  military  man  and  he  should  be 
proud  of  having  the  privilege  of  using  that  form  of  salutation — a 
form  of  salutation  that  marks  him  as  a  member  of  the  Profession  of 
Arms — the  profession  of  Napoleon,  Wellington,  Grant,  Lee,  Sherman, 
Jackson  and  scores  of  others  of  the  greatest  and  most  famous  men 
the  world  has  ever  known.  The  military  salute  is  ours,  it  is  ours 
only.  Moreover,  it  belongs  only  to  the  soldier  who  is  in  good  stand- 
ing, the  prisoner  under  guard,  for  instance,  not  being  allowed  to 
salute.  Ours  is  a  grand  fraternity  of  men-at-arms,  banded  together 


MILITARY  COURTESY.  29 

for  national  defense,  for  the  maintenance  of  law  and  order — we  are 
bound  together  by  the  love  and  respect  we  bear  the  flag — we  are 
pledged  to  loyalty,  to  one  God,  one  country — our  lives  are  dedicated 
to  the  defense  of  our  country's  flag — the  officer  and  the  private  be- 
long to  a  brotherhood  whose  regalia  is  the  uniform  of  the  American 
soldier,  and  they  are  known  to  one  another  and  to  all  men,  by  an 
honored  sign  and  symbol  of  knighthood  that  has  come  down  to  us 
from  the  ages— THE  MILITARY  SALUTE! 

WHOM  TO  SALUTE 

Do  Regulars  salute  officers  of  the  Navy  and  Ma- 
rine Corps? 

Yes,  at  all  times  and  in  all  situations  they  salute 
them  the  same  as  they  salute  all  officers  in  their  own 
regiment  and  all  other  regiments  of  the  Regular  Army. 
(A.  R.  396). 

Are  officers  of  the  Organized  Militia  saluted? 

If  in  uniform  they  are  saluted  the  same  as  Reg- 
ular officers.  (A.  R.  396). 

Are  retired  Army  officers  saluted? 

Yes,  they  are  saluted  like  all  other  officers. 

Are  military  and  naval  foreign  officers  saluted? 

The  Manual  of  Guard  Duty  requires  sentinels  to 
salute  them  but  there  are  no  instructions  about  other 
enlisted  men  saluting  them.  However,  as  an  act  of 
courtesy  they  should  be  saluted  the  same  as  our  own 
officers. 

RESPECT  TO  BE  PAID  TO  THE  NATIONAL  AIR 
AND  SALUTING  THE  FLAG 

What  should  be  done  when  the  Star  Spangled  Banner  is  played  by 
the  band  on  a  formal  occasion  (except  retreat)? 

Every  man  should  stand  at  attention,  such  position  being  retained 
until  the  last  note  of  the  music.  No  salute  is  rendered. 

Should  the  same  respect  be  observed  toward  the  national  air  of 
any  other  country,  when  it  is  played  as  a  compliment  to  official  repre- 
sentatives of  such  country? 


30  CHAPTER  II. 

Yes,  but  only  when  it  is  played  as  a  compliment  to  the  official  rep- 
representatives  of  the  country. 

When  the  flag  is  lowered  at  retreat  and  the  band  plays  "The  Star 
Spangled  Banner,"  or  the  field  music  sounds  "To  the  Color,"  what  should 
be  done? 

All  soldiers  out  of  ranks  face  toward  the  flag,  stand  at  attention 
and  render  the  prescribed  salute  at  the  last  note  of  the  music. 

NOTES 

1  In  practice  "all   soldiers  out  of  ranks"   means  all  soldiers  in  the  vicinity  of 
where  the  ceremony  is  taking  place — it  does  not  mean,  for  instance,  soldiers  in  another 
part  of  the  post,  who  can  hear  the  music  but  can  not  see  the  flag. 

2  By   "the  prescribed   salute"   is  meant,    if  unarmed,    the   "right   hand   salute;" 
if  armed  with  the  rifle,  the  "rifle  salute;"  if  armed  with  a  drawn  saber,  the  "present 
salute;"  if  wearing  a  sheathed  saber  or  other  side  arms,  the  "right  hand  salute." 

3  Some    officers    when    in    civilian    clothes    follow    the    sensible    and    patriotic 
custom    of   standing   and    uncovering   whenever   the    band   plays    "The    Star    Spangled 
Banner." 

SALUTES  TO  COLORS  AND  STANDARDS 

What  should  be  dune  when  passing  the  national 
or  regimental  color  or  standard  uncased/' 

The  prescribed  salute  should  be  rendered.  With 
no  arms  in  hand,  the  salute  is  made  by  uncovering  and 
holding  the  headdress,  top  outward,  in  the  right  hand, 
opposite  the  left  shoulder,  right  forearm  against  the 
breast.  If  armed  with  the  rifle  or  drawn  saber,  the 
hat  is  not  removed,  but  the  prescribed  rifle  or  saber 
salute  is  rendered. 

Cased  colors  and  standards,  that  is  to  say,  those 
that  are  in  their  waterproof  cases,  are  not  saluted.  Nor 
are  the  flags  on  flag  staffs  and  other  permanent  poles 
saluted. 

(Note:  By  "Colors"  and  "Standards"  is  meant  the 
national  flags  and  the  regimental  flags  that  are  carried  by 
regiments  and  also  by  engineer  battalions.  They  may  be  of 
either  silk  or  bunting.  In  the  Army  Regulations  the  word 
"color"  is  used  in  referring  to  regiments  of  Infantry,  batta- 
lions of  Engineers  and  Philippine  Scouts,  and  the  Coast  Artil- 
lery, while  "Standard"  is  used  in  reference  to  regiments  of 
Cavalry  and  Field  Artillery. 

By  "Flag"  is  meant  the  national  emblem  that  waves 
from  flag-staffs  and  other  stationary  poles.  They  are  always  of 
bunting.  They  are  not  saluted). 


MILITARY  COURTESY. 


31 


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2-D. 


32 


CHAPTER  II. 


WHEN  AND  HOW  TO  SALUTE 

What  is  "saluting  distance"!' 

It  is  the  limit  within  which  individuals  and  insignia  of  rank  can 
be  readily  recognized;  it  is  assumed  to  be  about  thirty  paces.  No  salutes, 
except  as  otherwise  prescribed,  are  made  at  a  greater  distance  than  thirty 
paces. 

Are  salutes  ever  rendered  when  marching  in  double  time  or  at  the 
trot  or  gallop? 

No,  sir;  a  soldier  must  first  come  to  quick  time  or  walk  before 
saluting. 

Should  a  soldier  salute  an  officer  who  is  passing  in  double  time  or 
at  a  trot  or  gallop? 

Yes,  sir ;  he  should. 

How  does  an  enlisted  man  salute  an  officer? 

If  the  enlisted  man  is  without  arms,  he  salutes 
with  the  hand  farthest  from  the  officer.  If  mounted, 
he  salutes  with  the  right  hand.  However,  when  imme- 
diately facing  an  officer  it  is  customary  to  salute  with 
the  right  hand. 

If  the  officer  and  soldier  are  approaching  each 
other  on  the  same  walk,  for  instance,  the  hand  is 
brought  up  to  the  headdress  when  six  paces  from  the 
officer.  If  they  are  on-  opposite  sides  of  the  street,  the 
hand  is  brought  up  when  about  ten  paces  in  advance 
of  the  officer.  If  the  officer  and  soldier  are  not  going 
in  opposite  directions  and  the  officer  does  not  approach 
within  six  paces,  the  salute  is  rendered  when  the  officer 
reaches  the  nearest  point  to  the  soldier.  If  a  soldier 
passes  an  officer  from  the  rear,  the  hand  is  raised  as 
he  reaches  the  officer;  if  an  officer  passes  a  soldier 
from  the  rear,  the  soldier  salutes  just  as  the  officer  is 
about  to  pass  him. 

The  salute  with  the  hand  is  rendered  as  follows :  Raise  the  hand 
smartly  until  the  tip  of  the  fore-finger  touches  the  lower  part  of  the 
headdress  (if  uncovered,  the  forehead)  above  the  eye,  thumb  and  fingers 
extended  and  joined,  palm  to  the  right  (or  left),  forearm  inclined  at 
about  45  degrees,  hand  and  wrist  straight;  looking  toward  the  person 


MILITARY  COURTESY. 


33 


saluted.  This  position  is  maintained  until  the  salute  has  been  acknowl- 
edged or  the  officer  has  passed,  when  the  hand  is  brought  down  with 
snap. 

What  are  the  mistakes  usually  made  by  soldiers  in  saluting? 
i    They  do   not  begin   the   salute   soon   enough ;   often   they  do  not 
raise  the  hand  to  the  headdress  until  they  are  only  a  pace  or  two  from 


Notice  how  the  head  is  turned  toward  the  officer  saluted. 

the  officer — the  salute  should  always  begin  when  at  least  six  paces  from 
the  officer. 

2  They  do  not  turn  the  head  and  eyes  toward  the  officer  who  is 
saluted — the   head  and  eyes  should  always  be   turned   toward  the  officer 
saluted  and  kept  turned  as  long  as  the  hand  is  raised. 

3  The  hand  is  not  kept  to  the  headdress  until  the  salute  is  acknowl- 
edged by  the  officer — the   hand  should   always   be  kept  raised  until   the 
salute  has  been  acknowledged,  or  it  is  evident  the  officer  has  not  seen  the 
saluter. 


34 


CHAPTER  II. 


4  When  standing  the  heels  are  not  brought  to- 
gether   before    saluting — the    heels    should    always    be 
brought  together. 

5  The  salute  is  often  rendered  in  an  indifferent, 
lax  manner — the  salute  should  always  be  rendered  with 
life,  snap  and  vim;  the  soldier  should  always  render  a 
salute  as  if  he  MEANT  IT. 

Is  it  unmilitary  to  salute  with  the  other  hand  in 
the  pocket,  or  a  cigar,  cigarette  or  pipe  in  the  mouth? 

Yes;  it  is  most  unmilitary  and  a  soldier  who  so 
salutes  is  sure  to  be  reprimanded  or  punished. 

Should  officers  be  saluted  when  in  civilian  clothing? 
Yes ;  they  are  saluted  whether  in  uniform  or  not. 
Do  enlisted  men  in  civilian  clothing  salute? 
Yes;  and  they  salute  whether  the  officer  is  in  uni- 
form or  not. 

//  an  officer  is  accompanied  by  a  lady  that  the  sol- 
dier knows,  should  the  soldier  remove 
his  cap  or  render  the  military  salute? 
He   should   render   the   military 
salute.     A  soldier  never  tips  his  hat 
to  an  officer,  it  matters  not  by  whom 
the  soldier  or  officer  may  be  accompanied. 

How  does  the  enlisted  man,  armed  with  the  saber 
or  rifle,  out  of  ranks,  salute? 

He  salutes  with  the  saber,  if  drawn;  otherwise 
with  the  hand.  If  on  foot,  and  armed  with  the  rifle, 
he  renders  the  prescribed  rifle  salute.  What  has  been 
said  about  distances,  raising  the  hand,  looking  toward 
the  person  saluted,  etc.,  in  the  case  of  the  hand  salute, 
also  applies  when  the  salute  is  rendered  with  saber  or 
rifle. 

When  does  a  soldier  salute  with  the  "present 
arms?" 

Only  when  on  post  as  a  sentinel.  At  all  other 
times  when  armed  with  the  rifle,  he  gives  the  pre- 
scribed rifle  salute. 

Do  prisoners  under  charge  of  sentinels  salute 
officers? 

No,  sir ;  they  do  not.    They  merely  stand  at  attention.    It  is  custom- 
ary for  paroled  prisoners  and  others  who  are  not  under  the  immediate 


This  soldier  is  hear- 
ing something  that's 
"making  a  noise"  like 
a  Summary  Court. 


MILITARY  COURTESY.  35 

charge  of  sentinels,  to  fold  their  arms  when  passing  or  addressing  officers. 
What  should  a  mounted  soldier  do  before  addressing  an  officer  who 
is  not  mounted? 

He  should  always  dismount. 

//  accompanying  an  officer,  where  should  a  soldier  walk? 
About  two  paces  to  the  officer's  left  and  rear.     If  riding  this  dis- 
tance is  about  doubled. 

How  do  noncommissioned  officers  or  privates  in  command  of  de- 
tachments, salute  officers? 

In  the  case  of  the  commanding  officer  or  an  officer  superior  to  him, 
the  detachment,  if  marching  and  if  not  at  attention,  is  called  to  atten- 
tion as  the  officer  approaches,  and  the  command  "i.  EYES"  is  given  in 
time  to  add  "2.  RIGHT  (or  LEFT)"  when  about  six  paces  from  the 
officer,  at  which  time  the  noncommissioned  officer  or  private  in  com- 
mand of  the  detachment  salutes — if  unarmed,  with  the  hand;  if  armed 
with  the  rifle  or  saber,  the  prescribed  rifle  or  saber  salute  is  rendered. 
The  command  "FRONT"  is  given  when  the  officer  has  passed. 

If  the  detachment  is  in  column  at  a  halt,  the  salute  is  rendered  as  de- 
scribed, except  that  "EYES  RIGHT    (or  LEFT)"  is  omitted.     Only  the 
commander  salutes. 

If  the  detachment  is  halted  in  line,  and  armed, 
arms  are  presented. 

Unarmed  troops  salute  as  prescribed  for  armed 
bodies,  except  that  when  halted  the  present  is  omitted. 
In  case  of  an  officer  who  is  not  the  commanding 
officer  or.  who  is  not  superior  to  him,  the  commander  of 
the  detachment  salutes  as  above  described,  except  that 
the  present  or  the  eyes  right  (left)  is  omitted. 

(Note. — A  noncommissioned  officer  marching  a  guard  or  a 
detachment  of  a  guard  will  salute  all  officers,  but  will  not  com- 
mand eyes  right  or  left  when  saluting  officers  not  entitled  to 
compliment  from  the  guard.  Par.  78,  M.  G.  D.  See  A,  page  13). 

What  should  be  done  when  an  officer  passes  in 
rear  of  troops? 

They  are  brought  to  attention  and  so  kept  until 
the  officer  has  passed,  but  no  salute  is  rendered. 

Do  troops  under  arms  salute  other  armed  bodies? 

Yes;  the  same  as  they  salute  in  the  case  of  the 
commanding  officer  or  an  officer  superior  to  him.  The 
junior  commander,  if  known,  salutes  first. 

//  an  enlisted  man  is  seated,  what  should  he  do 
upon  the  approach  of  an  officer? 


36 


CHAPTER  II. 


He  should  rise,  face  toward  the  officer,  and  salute.  If  standing,  he 
faces  the  officer  for  the  same  purpose.  If  the  officer  remains  in  the  same 
place  or  upon  the  same  ground,  such  compliment  need  not  be  repeated. 

//  indoors,  what  should  an  enlisted  man  do  upon  the  approach  of 
an  officer? 

If  unarmed,  he  uncovers  and  stands  at  attention;  he  does  not  salute 
unless  he  addresses  or  is  addressed  by  the  officer. 

A  soldier  with  side  arms,   (pistol,  saber  or  bayonet)   is  considered  armed. 

If   armed   with   the   rifle,   and    either  covered   or   uncovered,   he   sa- 
lutes from  the  position  of  the  order  or  the  trail.    If  un- 
covered, he  should,  if  practicable,  cover  before  saluting.1 

It  is  customary  to  salute  from  the  order,  unless  there  is 
mud  or  filth  on  the  floor. 

Do  soldiers  actually  at  work  cease  work  to  salute 
an  officer? 

No;  not  unless  addressed  by  him. 

What  should  a  soldier  always  do  before  address- 
ing an  officer? 

He  should  always  salute  with  the  weapon  he  is 
armed  with ;  or,  if  unarmed,  whether  covered  or  un- 
covered, with  the  hand.  He  also  makes  the  same 
salute  after  receiving  a  reply,  or  when  leaving  the 
officer. 

What    should    he    do    when    addressed    by    an 
officer? 

He  should  salute.  He  also  salutes  at  the  end  of 
the  conversation. 

When  an  officer  enters  a  room  where  there  are 
soldiers,  what  should  be  done? 

The  word  "ATTENTION"  is  given  by  someone 
who  perceives  him,  when  all  rise  and  remain  standing 

1  The  Army  Regulations  says:  "Indoors,  an  unarmed  enlisted  man  uncovers  and 
stands  at  attention  upon  the  approach  of  an  officer ;  he  does  not  salute  unless  he 
addresses  or  is  addressed  by  the  officer."  According  to  custom,  the  term  -"indoors"  is 
interpreted  as  meaning  military  offices,  barracks,  quarters  and  similar  places — it  does 
not  mean  such  places  as  stores,  storehouses,  riding  halls,  stables,  post  exchange  build- 
ings, hotels,  places  of  amusement,  depots  and  exhibition  halls,  etc.  In  such  places 
an  unarmed  soldier  remains  either  covered  or  uncovered,  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  place,  and  whether  or  not  he  salutes  depends  upon  circumstances,  the  occasion  for 
saluting  being  determined  by  common  sense  and  military  spirit. 

For  instance,  an  enlisted  man  riding  in  a  street  car,  or  in  the  act  of  purchasing 
goods  in  a  store,  or  eating  in  a  hotel,  would  not  salute  unless  addressed  by  the  officer. 
However,  in  the  case  of  a  soldier  occupying  a  seat  in  a  crowded  street  car,  if  he 
recognized  a  person  standing  to  be  an  officer,  it  would  be  but  an  act  of  military  courtesy 
for  him  to  rise,  salute  and  offer  the  officer  his  seat. 


MILITARY  COURTESY. 


37 


in  the  position  of  a  soldier  until  the  officer  leaves  the  room.     If  unarmed, 
they  uncover  and  no  man  salutes  unless  spoken  to ;  if  armed,  they  salute. 

However,  soldiers  at  meals  do  not  rise — they  merely  cease  eating 
and  remain  at  attention.  But  if  any  .man  were  addressed  by  the  officer, 
he  would  rise  and  salute. 

When  an  officer  approaches  a  number  of  enlisted  men  out  of  doors 
and  not  in  ranks,  what  should  be  done? 

The 'word  "ATTENTION"  should  be  given  by  someone  who  per- 
ceives him,  when  all  stand  at  attention  and  all  salute.1  It  is  customary  for 
all  to  salute  at  or  about  the  same  instant,  taking  the  time  from  the  soldier 
nearest  the  officer,  and  who  salutes  when  the  officer  is  six  paces  from  him. 

//  several  soldiers  are  walking  together,  what  should 
be  done  upon  the  approach  of  an  officer? 

The  word  "ATTENTION"  should  be  given  by 
someone  who  perceives  him,  and  all  should  salute  as 
described  in  the  preceding  answer,  without  halting. 

Should  a  soldier  riding  in  a  wagon  salute? 

Yes;  but  if  seated  he  would  salute  without  rising. 
There  is  no  more  reason  why  a  soldier  riding  in  a 
wagon  or  carriage  should  not  salute  than  there  is  why 
a  soldier  on  horse  back  should  not  salute. 

Should  a  soldier  who  is  driving  a  wagon  or  car- 
riage salute? 

Yes,  if  both  hands  are  not  necessarily  occupied. 
There  is  no  more  reason  why  a  soldier  driving  a  wagon 
or  a  carriage  should  not  salute  than  there  is  why  he 
should  not  speak  to  passing  friends  or  raise  his  cap  to 
"Extra  lady  acquaintances.  In  either  case  it  is  merely  a  ques- 
tion of  courtesy. 


Who     said, 
squad  drill,   eh?" 


1  In  some  regiments  it  is  customary  for  only  one  (a  noncommissioned  officer, 
if  there  be  one  present)  to  salute  for  the  group,  but  this  is  contrary  to  Regulations 
and  should  not  be  done. 


38  CHAPTER  III. 

CHAPTER  III. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
Obedience. 

A       What  is  Obedience?     It  is  compliance  with  everything  that  is  re 
quired  by  authority — it  is  the  mainspring,  the  very  soul  and  essence 
of  all  military  duty.     It  is  said  a  famous  general  once  remarked  every 
soldier  should  know  three  things — "First,  obedience;  second,  obedience-, 
third,  obedience". 

Cheerful,  earnest  and  loyal  obedience  must  be  paid  by  all  sub- 
ordinates to  the  orders  of  their  superiors. 

A  soldier  should  obey  first  and  if  aggrieved  complain  afterward. 

All  duty  should  be  performed  cheerfully  and  willingly.  Soldiers 
are  sometimes  required  to  perform  duties  that  are  not  pleasant — for 
instance,  doing  guard  duty  on  a  cold,  rainy  night,  when  tired  and 
sleepy;  digging  ditches  or  cleaning  up  dirt  and  filth  that  have  ac- 
cumulated around  the  barracks,  kitchens,  quarters,  etc.,  scrubbing  floors, 
polishing  stoves,  cleaning  knives,  forks,  pots,  etc.  However,  by  doing 
everything  required  of  him  in  a  cheerful  manner,  a  soldier  will  soon 
earn  the  respect  of  his  comrades  and  the  commendation  of  his  officers. 
B  Is  it  important  that  privates  should  always  obey  noncommissioned  officers? 

Yes,  it  is  most  important  that  they  should  respect  and  obey 
their  noncommissioned  officers  and  recognize  their  authority  under  all 
circumstances.  Even  if  the  noncommissioned  officer  be  at  fault,  this 
gives  the  private  no  aggressive  rights.  If,  for  instance,  a  noncom 
missioned  officer  should  strike  a  private,  justly  or  unjustly,  this 
would  not  give  the  private  the  right  to  strike  back.  The  private 
should  at  once  make  complaint  to  the  captain,  who  will  see  that  justice 
is  done  him.  If  the  principle  of  soldiers  taking  such  grievances  into 
their  own  hands  were  recognized,  the  Army  would  soon  become  a  mob. 

Military  Deportment  and  Appearance 

The  enlisted  man  is  no  longer  a  civilian  but  a  soldier.  He  is, 
however,  still  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  and  by  becoming  a  soldier 
also  he  is  in  no  way  relieved  of  the  responsibilities  of  a  citizen;  he  has 
merely  assumed  in  addition  thereto  the  responsibilities  of  a  soldier.  For 
instance,  if  he  should  visit  an  adjoining  town  and  become  drunk  and 


MISCELLANEOUS.  39 

disorderly  while  in  uniform,  not  only  could  he  be  arrested  and  tried 
by  the  civil  authorities,  but  he  could  also  be  tried  by  the  summary 
court  at  his  post  for  conduct  to  the  prejudice  of  good  order  and  mili- 
tary discipline.  Indeed,  his  uniform  is  in  no  way  whatsoever  a  license 
for  him  to  do  anything  contrary  to  law  and  be  protected  by  the  gov 
ernment. 

Being  a  soldier,  he  must  conduct  himself  as  such  at  all  times, 
that  he  may  be  looked  upon  not  only  by  his  superior  officers  as  a 
soldier,  but  also  by  the  public  as  a  man  in  every  way  worthy  of  the 
uniform  of  the  American  soldier. 

Whether  on  or  off  duty,  he  should  always  look  neat  and  clean, 
ever  remembering  that  in  bearing  and  in  conversation  he  should  be 
every  inch  a  soldier — shoes  must  be  clean  and  polished  at  all  times; 
no  chewing,  spitting,  gazing  about,  or  raising  of  hands  in  ranks — he 
should  know  his  drill,  his  orders  and  his  duties — he  should  always 
be  ready  and  willing  to  learn  all  he  can  about  his  profession — he 
should  never  debase  himself  with  drink. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  the  soldiers  of  a  command  can 
make  the  uniform  carry  distinction  and  respect,  or  they  can  make  it 
a  thing  to  be  derided. 

The  soldier  should  take  pride  in  his  uniform. 

A  soldier  should  be  soldierly  in  dress,  soldierly  in  carriage, 
soldierly  in  courtesies. 

A  civilian  owes  it  to  himself  to  be  neat  in  dress.  A  soldier  owes 
it  to  more  than  himself — he  owes  it  to  his  comrades,  to  his  company — 
he  owes  it  to  his  country,  for  just  so  far  as  a  soldier  is  slack  so  far 
does  his  company  suffer;  his  shabbiness  reflects  first  upon  himself, 
then  upon  his  company  and  finally  upon  the  entire  Army. 

It  is  a  fact  known  to  students  of  human  nature  that  just  in 
proportion  as  a  man  is  neatly  and  trimly  dressed  is  he  apt  to  conduct 
himself  with  like  decency.  The  worst  vagabonds  in  our  communities 
are  the  tramps,  with  their  dirty  bodies  and  dirty  clothes;  the  most 
brutal  deeds  in  all  history  were  those  of  the  ragged,  motley  mobs  of 
Paris  in  the  days  of  the  French  Revolution;  the  first  act  of  the 
mutineer  has  ever  been  to  debase  and  deride  his  uniform. 

It  is  also  a  well  known  fact  that  laxity  in  dress  and  negligence 
in  military  courtesy  run  hand  in  hand  with  laxity  and  negligence  in 
almost  everything  else,  and  that  is  why  we  can  always .  look  for 
certain  infallible  symptoms  in  the  individual  dress,  carriage  and 
courtesies  of  soldiers. 


40  CHAPTER  III. 

Should  a  soldier  give   care  and   attention   to    his   dress? 

Yes,  sir;  not  only  should  a  soldier  be  always  neatly  dressed, 
but  he  should  also  be  properly  dressed — that  is,  he  should  be  dressed 
as  required  by  Regulations.  A  soldier  should  always  be  neat  and 
trim,  precise  in  dress  and  carriage  and  punctilious  in  salute.  Under 
no  circumstances  should  the  blouse  or  overcoat  be  worn  unbuttoned, 
or  the  cap  back  or  on  the  side  of  the  head.  .His  hair  should  be  kept 
properly  trimmed,  his  face  clean  shaved  or  beard  trimmed  and  his 
shoes  polished,  his  trousers  pressed,  the  belt  accurately  fitted  to  the 
waist  so  that  it  does  not  sag,  his  leggins  cleaned,  his  brass  letters, 
numbers  and  crossed  rifles  polished,  and  his  white  gloves  immaculate. 

Should  a  man  ever  he  allowed  to  leave  the  post  on  pass  if  not 
properly  dressed ? 

No,  sir;  never.  The  Army  Regulations  require  that  chiefs  of 
squads  shall  see  that  such  members  of  their  squads  as  have  passes 
leave  the  post  in  proper  dress. 

Should  a  soldier  ever  stand  or  walk  with  his  hands  in  his  pockets? 

No,  sir;  never.  There  is  nothing  more  unmilitary  than  to  see  a 
soldier  standing  or  walking  with  his  hands  in  his  pockets. 

The  real  soldier  always  stands  erect.     He  never  slouches. 

Is  it  permissible,  while  in  uniform,  to  wear  picture  buttons,  chains, 
watch  charms,  etc.,  exposed  to  view? 

No,  sir;  it  is  not. 

May  the  campaign  hat  or  any  other  parts  of  the  uniform  be  worn 
with  civilian  dress? 

No,  sir;  this  is  prohibited  by  the  uniform  order,  which  especially 
states  that  when  the  civilian  dress  is  worn  it  will  not  be  accompanied  by 
any  mark  or  part  of  the  uniform. 

May  a  mixed  uniform  be  worn — for  example,  a  khaki  coat  and  olive 
drab  trousers? 

No,  sir ;  under  no  circumstances. 

Personal  Cleanliness. 

Is  personal  cleanliness  a  matter  of  importance ? 

Yes,  and  the  Army  Regulations  require  soldiers  to  bathe  frequently. 

in  this  company  soldiers  are  required  to  bathe  at  least a  week. 

They  are  also  required  to  brush  their  teeth  and  comb  their  hair  daily.  The 
Army  Regulations  require  that  the  hair  be  kept  short  and  the  beard  neatly 
trimmed,  and  that  all  soiled  clothing  be  kept  in  the  barrack  bag.  It  is 
also  required  that  in  garrison,  and  whenever  practicable  in  the  field, 


MISCELLANEOUS.  41 

soldiers  wash  their  hands  thoroughly  after  going  to  the  latrines  and  before 
each  meal,  in  order  to  prevent  the  transmission  of  typhoid  fever  and  other 
diseases  by  germs  taken  into  the  mouth  with  food  from  unclean  hands. 

What  may  be  done  to  a  soldier  who  persists  in  being  filthy? 

He  may  be  scrubbed  by  order  of  the  Captain. 

Who  is  immediately  responsible  for  the  cleanliness  of  the  soldiers? 

According  to  the  Army  Regulations,  each  chief  of  squad  is  held 
responsible  for  the  cleanliness  of  his  men. 

Forms  of  Speech. 

In  speaking  to  an  officer,  is  it  proper  to  say,  "You,  etc.,"  and  "I,  etc.?" 
No,  sir;  in  speaking  to  an  officer  the  third  person  should  be  used, 
as,  "Does  the  Captain  want  his  horse  this  morning?";   "Private   Smith 
would  like  to  speak  to  the  Captain  about  his  furlough,"  etc. 

(Note.  After  the  conversation  has  commenced,  it  is  not  customary  for  the 
speaker  to  use  the  third  person  instead  of  the  pronouns  "I"  and  "me."  However, 
an  officer  is  always  addressed  in  the  third  person  and  never  as  "you.") 

How  should  an  enlisted  man  refer  to  another  enlisted  man  when 
speaking  to  an  officer? 

He  should  use  the  proper  title,  as  "Sergeant-Major  Smith",  "Ser- 
geant Jones",  "Corporal  Richards",  "Private  Wilson". 

How  should  noncommissioned  officers  always  be  addressed? 

They  should  always  be  addressed  as  "Sergeant  Smith",  "Corporal 
Jones",  etc.,  and  not  as  "Smith",  "Jones",  etc. 

When  asked  his  name,  what  should  a  soldier  answer? 

He  should  answer,  for  instance,  "Private  Jones,  Sir". 

What  should  a  soldier  do  when  given  an  order  or  instructions  by 
an  officer? 

He  should  salute,  and  say,  "Yes,  sir". 

How  should  short,  direct  answers  be  made? 

"No,  sir",  "Yes,  sir",  "I  don't  know,  sir",  "I  will  try,  sir",  etc.,  are 
forms  that  should  be  used  in  answer  to  direct  questions. 

After  one  has  finished  a  thing  that  he  has  been  ordered  to  do,  what 
should  he  do  ? 

He  should  always  report  to  the  officer  who  gave  him  the  order.  For 
instance  "The  Captain's  message  to  Lieutenant  Smith  has  been  delivered". 

When  ordered  to  report  to  an  officer  for  any  purpose,  should  a 
sol'dier  ever  go  away  without  first  ascertaining  if  the  officer  is  through 
with  him? 

No,  sir;  he  should  not,  as  it  often  happens  that  the  officer  is  not 


42  CHAPTER  III. 

through  with  the  soldier  when  the  latter  thinks  he  is.  He  may,  for 
instance,  report:  "Sir,  is  the  Captain  through  with  me?" 

When  an  officer  calls  to  a  soldier  who  is  some  distance  away,  what 
should  the  soldier  do? 

He  should  immediately  salute,  and  say,  "Yes,  sir,"  and  if  necessary, 
approach  the  officer  with  a  quickened  step. 

Various. 

A       How  should  a  soldier  enter  an  office  in  which  there  is  an  officer? 

He  should  give  two  or  three  knocks  at  the  door  (whether  it  be 
open  or  closed)  ;  when  told  to  come  in,  enter,  taking  off  the  hat  (if 
unarmed),  close  the  door  and  remain  just  inside  the  door  until  asked 
what  is  wanted ;  then  go  within  a  short  distance  of  the  officer,  stand  at 
attention,  salute  and  make  known  your  request  in  as  few  words  as 
possible.  On  completion,  salute,  face  toward  the  door,  and  go  out,  being 
careful  to  close  the  door  if  it  was  closed  when  you  entered.  If  it  was 
not  closed,  leave  it  open. 
B  Should  complaints  be  made  directly  to  the  Captain? 

Complaints  must  never  be  made  directly  to  the  Captain  unless  the 
soldier  has  the  Captain's  permission  to  do  so,  or  the  First  Sergeant 
refuses  to  have  the  matter  reported.  If  dissatisfied  with  his  food,  clothing, 
duties,  or  treatment,  the  facts  should  be  reported  to  the  First  Sergeant, 
with  the  request,  if  necessary,  to  see  the  Captain. 

It  is  also  customary  for  soldiers  who  wish  to  speak  to  the  Captain 
about  anything  to  see  the  First  Sergeant  first,  and  when  speaking  to  the 
Captain  to  inform  him  that  he  has  the  First  Sergeant's  permission  to  do  so. 
Thus:  "Private  Smith  has  the  First  Sergeant's  permission  to  speak  to 
the  Captain,  etc". 
C  How  is  a  soldier  paid? 

As  soon  as  the  company  is  formed  in  column  of  files,  take  off  your 
right-hand  glove,  and  fold  it  around  your  belt  in  front  of  the  right  hip. 
When  your  name  is  called,  answer  "Here",  step  forward  and  halt  directly 
in  front  of  the  paymaster,  who  will  be  directly  behind  the  table;  salute 
him.  When  he  spreads  out  your  pay  on  the  table  in  front  of  you,  count 
it  quickly,  take  it  up  with  your  ungloved  hand,  execute  a  left  or  right 
face  and  leave  the  room  and  building,  unless  you  wish  to  deposit,  in  which 
case,  you  will  remain  in  the  hall  outside  the  pay-room,  until  the  company 
has  been  paid,  when  you  enter  the  pay-room.  Men  wishing  to  deposit 
money  with  the  paymaster,  will  always  notify  the  first  sergeant  before 
the  company  is  marched  to  the  pay  table. 


MISCELLANEOUS.  43 

A       How  is  a  message  delivered?' 

When  an  enlisted  man  receives  a  message,  verbal  or  written,  from 
an  officer  for  delivery,  he  will  in  case  he  does  not  understand  his  instruc- 
tions, ask  the  officer  to  repeat  them,  saying,  for  instance,  "Sir,  Private 
Smith,  does  not  understand;  will  the  Captain  please  repeat?"  When  he 
has  received  his  instructions,  and  understands  them,  he  will  salute,  and 
say:  "Yes,  sir",  execute  an  about  face,  and  proceed  immediately  to  the 
officer  for  whom  the  message  is  intended.  He  will  halt  three  or  four 
paces  directly  in  front  of  the  officer  and  if  the  officer  be  junior  to  the 
officer  sending  the  message,  he  will  say,  "Sir,  Captain  Smith  presents  his 
compliments,"  etc.,  and  then  deliver  the  message,  or,  "The  commanding 
officer  presents  his  compliments  to  Lieutenant  Smith  and  would  like 
to  see  him  at  headquarters".  He  will  salute  immediately  before  he  begins 
to  address  the  officer  and  will  hold  his  hand  at  the  position  of  salute 
while  he  says,  "Sir,  Captain  Smith  presents  his  compliments",  or  "The 
commanding  officer  presents  his  compliments  to  Lieutenant  Smith".  If 
the  officer  sending  the  message  be  much  junior  to  the  one  receiving  it, 
the  soldier  will  not  present  his  compliments,  but  will  say,  for  instance, 
"Sir,  Lieut.  Smith  directed  me  to  hand  this  letter  to  the  Captain"'  or 
"Sir,  Lieut.  Smith  directed  me  to  say  to  the  Captain",  etc.  As  soon  as 
the  message  has  been  delivered,  the  soldier  will  salute,  execute  an 
about  face,  and  proceed  at  once  to  the  officer  who  sent  the  message, 
and  will  similarly  report  to  him,  "Sir,  the  Lieutenant's  message  to  Capt. 
Smith  has  been  delivered",  and  leave. 

Before  leaving  always  ascertain  whether  there  is  an  answer. 
B       Hew  does  a   soldier  appear  as  a  witness  before  a  general  court- 
martial? 

The  uniform  is  that  prescribed,  with  side  arms  and  gloves.  Proceed 
to  the  court-room  and  remain  outside.  When  you  are  notified  that  you 
are  wanted  enter  the  room.  Then  take  off  your  cap  and  right  hand 
glove,  and  raise  your  right  hand  above  your  head,  palm  to  the  front,  to 
be  sworn.  After  the  judge-advocate  reads  the  oath,  say,  "I  do"  or  "So 
help  me  God".  Then  sit  down  in  the  chair  indicated  by  the  judge-advo- 
cate. Do  not  cross  your  legs,  but  sit  upright.  When  asked,  "Do  you 
know  the  accused?  If  so,  state  who  he  is,"  answer,  "I  do;  Corporal 
John  Jones,  Co.  'B'  ist  Infantry."  Be  sure  you  thoroughly  understand 
every  question  before  you  start  to  reply,  answering  them  all  promptly, 
in  a  loud,  distinct,  deliberate  voice,  and  confining  your  answers  strictly 
to  the  questions  asked  and  telling  all  you  know. 


44  CHAPTER  III. 

When  the  judge-advocate  says  "That  is  all,"  arise,  salute  him, 
execute  an  about  face,  and  leave  the  room. 

At  some  posts  it  is  customary  for  soldiers  to  appear  in  the  same  manner  when 
summoned  as  a  witness  before  a  summary  court,  while  at  other  posts  side  arms  and 
gloves  are  not  worn. 

A  Care  of  Clothing,  Arms  and  Other  Equipment.  These  articles 
are  given  the  soldier  by  the  government  for  certain  purposes,  and  he 
has,  therefore,  no  right  to  be  in  any  way  careless  or  neglectful  of  them. 

Clothing,  Ornaments  and  Buttons. 

Every  article  of  clothing  in  the  hands  of  an  enlisted  man  should 
receive  as  much  care  as  he  gives  to  his  person. 

Spots  should  always  be  removed  as  soon  as  possible.  Preparations 
for  this  purpose  can  always  be  obtained  from  any  drug  store  at  small  cost.1 

Turpentine  will  take  out  paint.  Grease  spots  can  be  removed  by 
placing  a  piece  of  brown  paper,  newspaper,  or  other  absorbent  paper 
over  the  stain,  and  the  pressing  with  a  hot  iron. 

B  Chevrons  and  stripes  can  be  cleaned  by  moistening  a  clean  woolen 
rag  with  gasoline  and  rubbing  the  parts  and  then  pressing  with  a  hot  iron. 

Blue  clothing  should  be  thoroughly  brushed  and  pressed  once  a 
week — two  pressing  irons  and  boards  in  a  company,  troop  or  battery 
will  provide  for  this. 

C  All  gilt  ornaments  and  buttons  should  be  polished  once  a  week — one 
button  stick  and  brush  per  squad  should  be  provided  for  this  purpose. 
"Polishine"  is  recommended  as  a  suitable  polish — although  there  are  many 
others  just  as  good,  but  none  better.  Olive  drab  clothing  should  also  be 
pressed  weekly.  This  will  stimulate  a  desire  in  the  men  to  take  better  care 
of  their  clothing,  as  a  wrinkled  or  soiled  article  is  thrown  around  care- 
lessly— while  a  pressed  article  is  laid  away  to  prevent  its  wrinkling,  thus 
lasting  longer. 

D  Soiled  khaki  clothing  and  leggings  should  be  washed  by  the  men — 
they  can  generally  do  it  better  than  the  laundry.  Khaki  and  leggings 
require  little  or  no  pressing,  if  not  wrung  out  before  being  placed  out 
to  dry.  Khaki  so  washed  wears  about  twice  as  long  as  when  washed  by 
a  steam  laundry. 

The  service  hat  and  blue  and  olive  drab  caps  require  nothing  but 
brushing.  The  cover  for  the  khaki  cap  should  be  washed  as  often  as 

1  All  cleaning  material  should  be  purchased  by  the  soldier  from  the  company, 
for  cash  or  credit,  at  cost  price.  This  would  give  many  who  have  no  credit  at  the 
exchange  a  chance  to  procure  such  articles  as  are  essential  to  the  proper  care  and 
preservation  of  their  clothing  and  equipment. 


MISCELLANEOUS.  45 

necessary — not  oftener,  perhaps,  than  every  two  weeks  and  always  in 
cold  water  and  dried  on  the  cap  itself. 

No  article  should  be  worn  without  first  being  brushed. 

Shirts,  underwear,  socks  etc.,  should  be  laid  away  neatly.  Articles 
of  clothing  soiled  from  wear  or  from  long  standing  in  the  locker  should 
soiled  from  wear  or  from  long  standing  in  the  locker  should  be  sent  to 
the  laundry  immediately. 

A  special  suit  of  clothing  should  be  set  aside  for  inspections,  parades, 
and  other  ceremonies  and  the  uniform  worn  at  these  formations  should 
not  be  worn  in  barracks — each  man  invariably  has  sufficient  old  garments 
for  barrack  use.  A  change  of  clothing  after  formation  will  be  found 
to  be  a  great  help  in  preserving  clothing.  The  special  suit  mentioned 
should  be  kept  well  brushed,  pressed  and  neatly  folded. 

The  following  list  of  clothing,  the  cost  of  which  aggregates  $87.97,  is 
considered  a  liberal  allowance  and  provides  a  very  complete  equipment  for 
the  first  year  of  enlisted  service ;  to  this  allowance  $25  should  be  added 
for  the  second  year  and  $20  for  the  third.  A  soldier  should,  therefore, 
at  the  end  of  his  first  enlistment  find  himself  with  approximately  $40  to 
his  credit  from  his  clothing  allowance.  (These  figures  are  based  on  the 
present,  July,  1909,  clothing  allowances). 

List: 

1  Blanket,  heavy  weight;  2  Letters,  U.   S.  gilt,  collar; 
3   Breeches,   khaki;                                                 2  Ornaments,   cap,   bronze; 

2  Breeches,    olive    drab;  1   Ornament,    cap,    gilt; 

1  Cap,  dress;  2  Ornaments,    collar,    gilt; 

1  Cap,  khaki;  4  Ornaments,  collar,   bronze; 

1  Cap,  olive  drab;  1   Overcoat; 

1  Coat,  dress;  2  Shirts,   olive  drab. 

3  Coats,  khaki;  2  Shirts,    muslin; 

2  Coats,   olive   drab.  2  pr.   Shoes,  russet; 

6  Collars,  linen;  1   pr.    Shoes,    calf  skin; 

1  Cord,  breast:  1   Slicker; 

2  Cords,   hat;  12  pr.    Stockings,  cotton,  dark  brown; 

3  Drawers,  canton  flannel;  2  pr.  Stockings,  wool,  heavy; 
12  pr.   Gloves,   white,   cotton;  1  pr.  Suspenders; 

2   pr.    Gloves,   white,   wool;  1  Trousers,   dress; 

1  Hat,  service;  3  Undershirts,   cotton; 

2  pr.  Leggins,  puttee;  3  Undershirts,   wool,   light. 

THE  CARE  AND   PRESERVATION   OF   SHOES 

Shoes  should  at  all  times  be  kept  polished,  by  being  so  kept  they  are 
made  more  pliable  and  wrear  longer. 


46  CHAPTER  III. 

Shoes  must  withstand  harder  service  than  any  other  article  worn, 
and  more  shoes  are  ruined  through  neglect  than  by  wear  in  actual 
service. 

Proper  care  should  be  taken  in  selecting  shoes  to  secure  a  proper 
fit,  and  by  giving  shoes  occasional  attention  much  discomfort  and 
complaint  will  be  avoided. 

Selection.  A  shoe  should  always  have  ample  length,  as  the  foot 
will  always  work  forward  fully  a  half  size  in  the  shoe  when  walking, 
and  sufficient  allowance  for  this  should  be  made.  More  feet  are 
crippled  and  distorted  by  shoes  that  are  too  short  than  for  any  other 
reason.  A  shoe  should  fit  snug  yet  be  comfortable  over  ball  and 
instep,  and  when  first  worn  should  not  lace  close  together  over  instep. 
Leather  always  stretches  and  loosens  at  instep  and  can  be  taken  up  by 
lacing.  The  foot  should  always  be  held  firmly  but  not  too  tightly 
in  proper  position.  If  shoes  are  too  loose,  they  allow  the  foot  to  slip 
around,  causing  the  foot  to  chafe;  corns,  bunions,  and  enlarged  joints 
are  the  result. 

Repairs.  At  the  first  sign  of  a  break  shoes  should  be  repaired,  if 
possible.  Always  keep  the  heels  in  good  condition.  If  the  heel  is 
allowed  to  run  down  at  side,  it  is  bad  for  the  shoe  and  worse  for  the 
foot;  it  also  weakens  the  ankle  and  subjects  the  shoe  to  an  uneven 
strain,  which  makes  it  more  liable  to  give  out.  Shoes  if  kept  in 
repair  will  give  double  the  service  and  comfort. 

Shoe  Dressing.  The  leather  must  not  be  permitted  to  become 
hard  and  stiff.  If  it  is  impossible  to  procure  a  good  shoe  dressing, 
neat's-foot  oil  or  tallow  are  the  best  substitutes;  either  will  soften 
the  leather  and  preserve  its  pliability.  Leather  requires  oil  to  preserve 
its  pliability,  and  if  not  supplied  will  become  brittle,  crack,  and 
break  easily  under  strain.  Inferior  dressings  are  always  harmful, 
and  no  dressing  should  be  used  which  contains  acid  or  varnish. 
Acid  burns  leather  as  it  would  the  skin,  and  polish  containing  varnish 
forms  a  false  skin  which  soon  peels  off,  spoiling  the  appearance  of 
the  shoe  and  causing  the  leather  to  crack.  Paste  polish  containing 
turpentine  should  also  be  avoided. 

Perspiration.  Shoes  becoming  damp  from  perspiration  should 
be  dried  naturally  by  evaporation.  It  is  dangerous  to  dry  leather  by 
artificial  heat.  Perspiration  contains  acid  which  is  harmful  to  leather, 
and  shoes  shoufd  be  dried  out  as  frequently  as  possible. 


MISCELLANEOUS.  47 

Wet  Shoes.  Wet  or  damp  shoes  should  be  dried  with  great 
care.  When  leather  is  subjected  to  heat,  a  chemical  change  takes 
place,  although  no  change  in  appearance  may  be  noted  at  the  time. 
Leather  when  burnt  becomes  dry  and  parched  and  will  soon  crack 
through  like  pasteboard  when  strained.  This  applies  to  leather  both 
in  soles  and  uppers.  When  dried,  the  leather  should  always  be  treated 
with  dressing  to  restore  its  pliability.  Many  shoes  are  burned  while 
on  the  feet  without  knowledge  of  the  wearer  by  being  placed  while 
wet  on  the  rail  of  a  stove  or  near  a  steam  pipe.  Care  should  be  taken 
while  shoes  are  being  worn  never  to  place  the  foot  where  there  is 
danger  of  their  being  burned. 

Keep  Shoes  Clean.  An  occasional  application  of  soap  and  water 
will  remove  the  accumulations  of  old  dressing  and  allow  fresh  dressing 
to  accomplish  its  purpose. 

Directions  For  Polishing.  Russet  calf  leather  should  be  treated 
with  great  care.  Neither  acid,  lemon  juice,  nor  banana  peel  should 
be  used  for  cleaning  purposes.  Only  the  best  liquid  dressing  should 
be  used  and  shoes  should  not  be  rubbed  while  wet. 

Black  calf  shoes  should  be  cleaned  frequently  and  no  accumula- 
tion of  old  blacking  allowed  to  remain.  An  occasional  application  of 
neat's-foot  oil  is  beneficial  to  this  leather,  and  the  best  calf  blacking 
only  should  be  used  to  obtain  polish. 

Liquid  Dressing.  Care  should  be  taken  in  using  liquid  dressing. 
Apply  only  a  light  even  coat  and  allow  this  to  dry  into  the  leather  before 
rubbing  with  a  cloth.  When  sufficiently  dry  to  rub,  a  fine  powdery 
substance  remains  on  the  surface.  This,  when  rubbed  with  a  soft  cloth, 
produces  a  high  polish  that  lasts  a  long  time  and  which  is  quickly  renewed 
by  an  occasional  rubbing.  Too  much  dressing  is  useless  and  injurious. 
(Quartermaster  General's  Office.  June  16,  1889}. 

The  rifle. 

As  the  bore  of  the  rifle  is  manufactured  with  great  care  in  order 
that  a  high  degree  of  accuracy  may  be  obtained,  it  should  be  carefully 
cared  for.  What  remains  from  smokeless  powder  tends  to  eat  and  wear 
away  the  bore  and  should,  therefore,  be  removed  as  soon  after  firing 
as  practicable. 

The  proper  way  of  cleaning  a  rifle  is  from  the  breech.  For  this 
purpose  the  barrack  cleaning-rod  should  be  used. 

To  clean  a  rifle  use  rags,  preferably  canton  flannel,  cut  them  into 


48  CHAPTER  III. 

squares  of  such  size  that  they  may  be  easily  run  through  the  barrel. 
Remove  the  bolt  from  the  rifle,  place  the  muzzle  on  the  floor  and  do 
not  remove  it  therefnom  while  the  cleaning-rod  is  in  the  bore.  Wrap 
a  rag  that  has  been  thoroughly  soaked  in  a  saturated  solution  of  soda  and 
water  around  the  point  of  the  cleaning-rod,  insert  it  into  the  bore  and 
work  back  and  forth  in  the  bore.  Follow  with  dry  rags  until  the  bore  is 
thoroughly  dry,  then  remove  the  muzzle  from  the  floor  and  with  a 
small  stick  and  a  new  rag,  soaked  in  the  same  solution  proceed  to  clean 
the  muzzle  end  of  the  bore.  This  should  find  the  bore  free  from  dirt, 
rust  etc.  Clean  again  with  rags  dipped  in  oil,  preferably  "3  in  i",  dry 
thoroughly  and  apply  a  thin  coating  of  the  same  oil.  Repeat  the  process 
of  cleaning  with  oil  daily  and  the  bore  will  at  all  times  be  thoroughly 
clean.  Five  minutes  work  a  day  will  accomplish  this. 

To  clean  the  bolt,  dismount  it,  clean  all  parts  thoroughly  with  an 
oily  rag,  dry,  and  before  assembling  lightly  oil  the  firing  pin,  the  barrel 
of  the  sleeve,  the  striker,  the  well  of  the  bolt  and  all  cams. 

The  stock  and  hand  guard  should  receive  a  light  coat  of  raw  lin- 
seed oil  once  a  month,  or  after  any  wetting  from  rain,  dew  etc. — this 
should  be  thoroughly  rubbed  in  with  the  hand. 

The  chamber,  magazine  and  other  parts  require  very  little  care — 
wiping,  drying,  brushing  and  coating  with  a  thin  coat  of  oil,  as  in  the 
bore,  is  sufficient  to  keep  these  parts  clean. 

Unless  the  rifle  is  to  be  stored  away,  or  not  used  for  any  length  of 
time,  the  use  of  cosmic  oil  should  be  discouraged — it  is  thick  and  sticky 
which  makes  it  hard  to  remove  without  the  use  of  gasoline  or  chloro- 
form. 

Pomade  is  valueless  in  the  care  of  the  rifle;  pomade  is  of  use  only 
in  the  burnishing  and  polishing  of  brasses  and  coppers,  and  even  then 

Never,  under  any  circumstances,  should  a  recruit  be  permitted  to 
it  is  not  as  good  as  "Polishine". 

use  emory  paper  on  any  part  of  his  rifle — the  use  of  the  burnisher 
likewise  should  be  prohibited. 

In  the  place  of  emory  paper  or  the  burnisher  an  ordinary  rubber 
eraser  will  be  found  very  serviceable. 

The  Bayonet. 

A  The  bayonet  need  not  be  taken  apart  in  order  to  clean  it.  With  a 
small  stick — small  enough  to  be  used  inside  the  cut  for  the  scabbard 
catch,  hook  and  clearance  cut — an  oily  rag  and  a  rubber  eraser,  the  bayonet 
can  be  thoroughly  cleaned. 


MISCELLANEOUS.  49 

A  The  rawhide  cover  of  the  bayonet  scabbard  should  be  washed  once 
a  month  with  castile  soap  and  water,  then  rub  a  small  quantity  of  leather 
dressing  all  over  and  into  the  leather  with  a  brush,  sponge  or  rag;  then 
wipe  with  a  damp  rag  or  sponge.  This  will  remove  all  dirt  and  stains. 
Allow  to  dry  and  next  apply  a  light  coat  of  some  cream  paste.  Wait  a 
moment  for  this  to  dry,  then  polish  with  a  clean  brush  or  rag. 

The  metallic  parts  require  nothing  but  an  occasional  wiping  off 
with  an  oily  rag —  these  parts  should  then  be  dried. 

Are  enlisted  men  allowed  to  take  their  arms  apart? 

B  No,  not  unless  they  have  the  permission  of  a  commissioned  officer, 
and  even  then  only  under  proper  supervision  and  in  the  manner  prescribed 
in  the  descriptive  pamphlet  issued  by  the  Ordnance  Department. 

(Except  when  repairs  are  needed,  the  following  named  parts  should  never  be 
dismounted  by  the  soldier,  and  whenever  they  are  taken  apart  they  should  be  re- 
moved only  by  the  artificer,  or  some  one  else  familiar  with  the  handling  of  tools  and 
delicate  mechanisms:  Bolt  stop,  cut  off,  safety  lock,  sleeve  lock,  front  sight,  front 
sight  movable  stud,  lower  band,  upper  band  and  stacking  swivel  screws. 

Unless  the  screw  driver  is  handled  carefully  and  with  some  skill  the  screws 
are  sure  to  be  injured  either  at  the  head  or  thread.) 

Is  the  polishing  of  blued  and  browned  parts  permitted? 
C  No,  and  rebluing,  rebrowning,  putting  any  portion  of  an  arm  in 
fire,  removing  a  receiver  from  a  barrel,  mutilating  any  part  by  firing  or 
otherwise,  and  attempting  to  beautify  or  change  the  finish,  are  prohibited. 
However,  the  prohibition  of  attempts  to  beautify  or  change  the  finish  of 
arms,  is  not  construed  as  forbidding  the  application  of  raw  linseed  oil 
to  the  wood  parts  of  arms.  This  oil  is  considered  necessary  for  the 
preservation  of  the  wood,  and  it  may  be  used  for  such  polishing  as 
can  be  given  when  rubbing  in  one  or  more  coats  when  necessary.  The 
use  of  raw  linseed  oil  only  is  allowed  for  redressing  and  the  appli- 
cation for  such  purpose  of  any  kind  of  wax  or  varnish,  including  heelball, 
is  strictly  prohibited. 

Ay  the  use  of  tampions  1  in  small  arms  permitted? 

No,  it  is  prohibited  by  regulations. 

Should  pieces  be  unloaded  before  being  taken -to  quarters  or  tents? 

Yes,  unless  it  is  otherwise  ordered.  They  should  also  be  unloaded 
as  soon  as  the  men  using  them  are  relieved  from  duty. 


1  Wooden   stoppers   or  plugs   that  are  put   into   the  muzzles   of  rifles   and   other 
arms  to  keep  out  dirt  and  water. 


50  CHAPTER  III. 

Should  a  loaded  or  unloaded  rifle  or  revolver  ever  be  pointed  at 
anyone  in  playf 

No,  sir;  under  no  circumstances  whatsoever.  A  soldier  should 
never  point  a  rifle  or  a  revolver  at  a  person  unless  he  intends  to 
shoot  him. 

NOTES. 

A         It  is  easier  to  prevent  than  to  remove  rust. 

Oil  to  be  used  only  to  remove  rust  or  after  firing  or  when  going  out  in  damp 
weather.  When  occasion  for  its  use  has  passed,  it  should  be  carefully  wiped  off,  so 
as  not  to  collect  dust  and  sand. 

To  remove  rust,  apply  oil  with  rag  and  let  it  stand  for  awhile  so  as  to  soften 
rust — weapon  then  wiped  clean  with  dry  rag.  Emery  paper  should  never  be  used 
to  remove  rust. 

To  prevent  dust  and  rust  in  bore,  a  good  strong  gun  string  should  be  fre- 
quently used. 

All  articles  of  brass  to  be  kept  brightly  polished. 

Never  put  away  arms  and  equipment  before  cleaning. 

Emery  paper,  burnisher  and  sand  are  used  only  on  sabers,  bayonets,  mess  kits 
and  other  bright  metal.  Under  no  circumstances  should  they  ever  be  used  on  blued 
or  browned  metal. 

Cosmic  oil  and  emery  paper  may  generally  be  gotten  from  the  company  quar- 
termaster-sergeant. Polishine,  burnisher,  chamois  skin,  machine  oil  ("3-in-l")  and 
button  stick  must  be  bought  by  the  soldier.  (Usually  obtainable  from  the  Post 
Exchange.) 

B       Russet  Leather  Equipment. 

To  preserve  the  life  of  russet  leather  equipments  they  should 
be  cleaned  whenever  dirt,  grit  or  dust  has  collected  on  them  or  when  they 
have  become  saturated  with  the  sweat  of  a  horse.  In  cleaning  them  the 
parts  should  first  be  separated  and  each  part  sponged,  using  a  lather  of 
castile  soap  and  warm  water.  When  nearly  dry  a  lather  of  Crown  soap 
and  warm  water  should  be  used.  If  the  equipment  is  cared  for  frequently 
this  method  is  sufficient;  but  if  the  leather  has  become  hard  and  dry  a 
little  neatsfoot  oil  should  be  applied  after  washing  with  castile  soap. 
When  the  oil  is  dry  the  equipments  should  be  sponged  lightly  with  Crown 
soap  and  water,  which  will  remove  the  surplus  remaining  on  the  surface. 
If  a  polish  is  desired  a  thin  coat  of  russet  leather  polish  issued  by  the 
Ordnance  Department  should  be  applied  and  rubbed  briskly  with  a 
dry  cloth. 

Particular  care  should  be  taken  not  to  use  too  much  Crown  soap  or 
water,  as  the  result  will  be  detrimental  to  the  life  of  the  leather.     In 
no  case  should  leather  be  dipped  in  water  or  be  placed  in  the  sun  to  dry. 
(Cir.  59,  '07). 


MISCELLANEOUS.  51 

Special  care  should  be  taken  to  use  as  little  water  as  possible  and 
in    applying   the   lather   of    soap   and   warm   water   to   have   the   sponge 
moistened  only. 
A       Camp  Equipment. 

The  shelter  tent  half  should  never  be  scrubbed  with  soap  and  brush — 
the  lye  in  the  soap  eats  the  fibre,  thus  causing  the  tent  to  leak.  Rinsing 
in  cold  water  will  accomplish  all  that  is  necessary  and  never  render  the 
tent  unserviceable. 

All  articles  of  equipment,  viz:  the  shelter  tent  half,  haversack, 
canteen,  field  belt  and  suspenders  should  be  neatly  marked,  with  the 
letter  of  the  Company,  number  of  the  regiment  and  company  number  of 
man  in  whose  possession  the  articles  are  placed  and  when  turned  in  and 
re-issued  this  number  should  become  the  number  of  the  man  to  whom 
they  are  issued.  The  soldier  is  thus  inspired  to  neatness  by  the  fact 
that  his  eye  falls  upon  a  neatly  marked  set  of  equipments  and  he  will 
give  accordingly  more  care  to  his  equipment. 

The  pins  and  pole  should  be  washed  in  hot  water — never  scraped — 
immediately  upon  return  from  a  march  where  they  have  been  used. 

The  mess  pan,  tin  cup,  knife,  fork  and  spoon  should  be  sterilized 
in  hot  water  after  each  meal  in  camp  and  weekly  in  garrison.  Ashes, 
sapolio  etc.,  should  never  be  usisd,  as  this  cuts  the  tin  coating;  as  a  con- 
sequence of  which  rust  will  in  a  short  time  appear. 


52  CHAPTER  IV. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID  TO  THE 
SICK  AND  INJURED 

CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  1 

1  A    soldier    should    endeavor    to    be    always    at    his    best.      He 
should  avoid  all  exposures,  not  in  line  of  duty,  which  he  knows  would 
be  likely  to  injure  his  health,  for  if  he  is  from  any  cause  below  par 
he   is   liable   to  break  down  under  influences   which   otherwise  might 
have  had  but  little  effect  on  him. 

2  Even   in    garrison,    in    time    of   peace,    soldiers    often    expose 
themselves  unnecessarily  by  going  out  without  overcoats   when   the 
weather  is  such  as  to  require  their  use,  or  by  failing  to  remove  damp 
socks  or  other  clothing  on  their  return  to  barracks. 

3  At  rests  on  the  march  he  should  sit  down  or  lie  down  if  the 
ground  is   suitable,   for   every  minute   so   spent  refreshes   more   than 
five  minutes  standing  or  loitering  about. 

4  At  the  midday  rest  lunch  should  be  eaten,  but  it  should  always 
be  a  light  meal. 

5  On  the  march  or  during  exercise  in  hot  weather  the  body  loses 
water  continuously  by  the  skin  and  lungs  and  this  loss  must  be  re- 
placed as  it  occurs  to  keep  the  blood  in  proper  condition.     Only  a 
few  swallows  should  be  taken  at  a  time,  no  matter  how  plentiful  the 
water   supply   may   be.     When    exceedingly   thirsty   after   a   long   dry 
stretch,   water    should   not    be    taken    freely    at    once,   but    in    smaller 
drinks  at  intervals,  until  the  desire  for  more  is  removed. 

6  Smoking  in  the  heat  of  the  day  or  on  the  march  is  depressing 
and  increases  thirst. 

7  On    hot    marches    water    should    be    taken    quite    frequently, 
but  as  already  stated,  in   small   quantities   at  a  time,   to   replace   the 
loss  by  perspiration.     This  will  often  prevent  attacks  of  heat  exhaus- 
tion and  sunstroke. 

8  On  a  hurried  or  forced  march,  particularly  in  sultry  weather, 


(l)From  THE  SOLDIER'S  HANDBOOK,  by  N.  Hershler,  Chief  Clerk,   General  Staff 
Corps,  U.   S.  Army. 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        53 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

a  soldier  may  become  faint  and  giddy  from  the  heat  and  fatigue.  His 
face  becomes  pale,  his  lips  lead-colored,  his  skin  covered  with  clammy 
perspiration,  and  he  trembles  all  over.  His  arms  and  equipments 
should  be  removed  and  his  clothing  loosened  at  the  neck,  while  he 
is  helped  to  the  nearest  shade  to  lie  down,  with  his  head  low,  until 
the  ambulance  train  or  wagons  come  up.  Meanwhile,  fan  him, 
moisten  his  forehead  and  face  with  water  and,  if  conscious,  make 
him  swallow  a  few  sips  from  time  to  time. 

p  If  the  soldier  comes  into  camp  much  exhausted,  a  cup  of 
hot  coffee  is  the  best  restorative.  When  greatly  fatigued  it  is  dan- 
gerous to  eat  heartily. 

10  When  the  tents  have  been  arranged  for  the  night  and  the 
duties  of  the  day  are  practically  over,  the  soldier  should  clean  himself 
and  his  clothes  as  thoroughly  as  the  means  at  hand  will  permit.     No 
opportunity  of  taking  a  bath  nor  of  washing  socks  and  underclothing 
should  be  lost.     In  any  event  the  feet  should  be  bathed  or  mopped 
with  a  wet  towel  every  evening  to  invigorate  the  skin. 

11  In    the   continued   absence   of   opportunity   for   bathing   it   is 
well  to  take  an  air  bath  and  a  moist  or  dry  rub  before  getting  into 
fresh    underclothes    and,  •  in    this   case,    the    soiled   clothes    should   be 
freely  exposed  to  the  sun  and  air  when  the  blanket  roll  is  unpacked. 

12  By  attention  to  cleanliness  of  the  person  and  of  the  clothing, 
the  discomforts  of  prickly  heat,  chafing,  cracking,  blistering,  and  other 
irritations  of  the  skin  will  be  avoided.  If  chafings  do  occur,  apply  to 
the  surgeon  for  a  healing  remedy,  for,  if  neglected,  they  may  fester 
and  cause  much  trouble. 

13  A  hearty  meal  should  be  eaten  when  the  day's  work  is  over, 
but    the    soldier    should    eat    slowly,    chewing   every    mouthful    into    a 
smooth   pulp   before   swallowing;   and  it  is  good  when  one  can   rest 
a  while  after  this  meal.     Hard  bread  and  beans  when  not  thoroughly 
chewed  give  rise  to  diarrhoea,   one  of  the  most   dangerous   of  camp 
diseases.     Fresh  meat  should  be  eaten  sparingly  when  used  for  the 
first  time  after  some  days  on  salt  rations. 

14  The  soldier  would  do  well  to  restrict  himself  to  the  company 
dietary.      Particularly   should   he   avoid   the   articles   of  food   or  drink 
for  sale  by  hawkers  and  peddlers.     Green  fruit  and  overripe  fruit  are 
dangerous,  as  is  also  fruit  to  which  the  individual  is  unaccustomed. 


54  CHAPTER  IV. 

Unpeeled  fruit  should  never  be     eaten,  for  it  may  have  been  handled 
by  persons  suffering  from  dangerous  infectious  diseases. 

15  It  should  be  unnecessary  to  speak  of  the  danger  from  the 
use  of  intoxicating  liquors  for  every  soldier  knows  something  of  this. 
The  mind  of  a  man  under  the  influence  of  these  liquors  is  so  befogged 
that  he  is  unable  to  protect  himself  from  accidents   and  exposures. 
How  many  men  have  passed  from  this  world  because  of  exposures 
during  intoxication!   How  many  have  lost  their  health  and  strength 
and  become  wretched  sufferers  during  the  remainder  of  a  shortened 
existence!    Besides,  for  days  after  indulgence  in  liquor  the  system  is 
broken  down  and  the  individual  less  able  to  stand  the  fatigues,  ex- 
posures or  wounds  of  the  campaign. 

16  If  filtered  or  condensed  water  is  not  furnished  to  the  troops, 
and  spring  water  is  not  to  be  had,  each  soldier  should  fill  his  canteen 
over  night  with  weak  coffee  or  tea  for  the  next  day's  march.     This 
involves   boiling,   and   the  boiling  destroys   all   dangerous   substances 
in  water.    Typhoid  fever,  cholera,  and  dysentery  are  caused  by  impure 
water. 

17  All    the    belongings    of   the    soldier    should    be    taken    under 
shelter  at  night  to  protect  them  from  rain  or  heavy  dews. 

18  When    not    prevented    by    the    military    conditions,    soldiers 
should  sleep  in  their  shirts  and  drawers,  removing  their  shoes,  socks, 
and  other  clothing. 

/p  In  the  morning  wash  the  head,  face  and  neck  with  cold 
water.  With  the  hair  kept  closely  cut,  this  can  be  done  even  when 
the  water  supply  is  limited. 

20  In  hot  climates,  where  marches  are  made  or  other  military 
work  performed  in  the  early  morning  or  late  in  the  evening,  a  sleep 
should  be  taken  after  the  midday  meal  to  make  up  for  the  shortened 
rest  at  night.     Everyone,  to  keep  in  good   condition   should  have  a 
total  of  eight  hour's  sleep  in  the  twenty-four. 

21  If  the  march  is  not  to  be  resumed,  the  soldier  should  take  the 
first  opportunity  of  improving  his  sleeping  accommodations  by  build- 
ing a  bunk,  raised  a  foot  and  a  half,  or  more,  from  the  ground.     This 
is  of  the  first  importance  when  the  ground  is  damp.     The  poncho,  or 
slicker,  must  be  relied,  upon  as  a  protection  in  marching  camps,  but 
when  the  camp  is  to  be  occupied  for  some  days,  bunks  should  be  built. 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        55 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

22  In  hot  climates  this  raising  of  the  bunks   from  the  ground 
lessens  the  danger  from  malarial  fevers. 

23  When    malarial   fevers    are   prevalent,    hot    coffee    should    be 
taken  in  the  morning  immediately  after  roll  call,  and  men  going  on 
duty  at  night  should  have  a  lunch  and  coffee  before  starting. 

24  The    soldier    should    never    attempt    to    dose    himself    with 
medicine.     He  should  take  no  drugs  except  such  as  are  prescribed  by 
the  surgeon. 

25  No  matter  how  short  a  time  the  camp  is  to  be  occupied  its 
surface  should  not  be   defiled.     The   sinks   should  be  used  by  every 
man,  and  the  regulations  concerning  their  use  should  be  strictly  com- 
plied with.     Waste  water  and  refuse  of  food  should  be  deposited  in 
pits  or  other  receptacles  designed  to  receive  them.     Attention  to  these 
points  will  prevent  foul  odors  and  flies. 

26  When  there  are  foul  odors  and  flies  in  a  camp  the  spread  of 
typhoid  fever,  cholera,  dysentery,  and  yellow  fever  is  likely  to  occur. 

27  When  any  of  these  diseases  are  present  in  a  command  every 
care  should  be  taken  to  have  the  hands  freshly  washed  at  meal  times. 

28  In  the  camps  of  field  service  the  interior  of  tents  should  be 
sunned  and  aired  daily,  and  efforts  should  be  made  by  every  soldier 
to  have  his  bunk,  arms,  equipments,  and  clothing  in  as  neat  and  clean 
condition  as  if  he  were  in  barracks  at  a  permanent  station. 

29  Harmful  exposures  are  more  frequent  in   hot  than   in  cold 
weather.     Soldiers  seek  protection  against  cold,  but  in  seeking  shade, 
coolness,  and  fresh  breezes  in  hot  weather  they  often  expose  them- 
selves to  danger  from  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  pneumonia,  rheumatism, 
and  other  diseases.     A  chill  is  an  exciting  cause  of  these  affections;  it 
should  be  avoided  as  much  as  possible. 

30  When  the  feet  become  wet  the  first  opportunity  should  be 
taken  of  putting  on  dry  socks. 

31  When  the  clothing  becomes  wet  in  crossing  streams  or  in 
rain  storms  there  is  little  danger  so  long  as  active  exercise  is  kept  up, 
but  there  is  great  danger  if  one  rests  in  the  wet  clothing. 

32  When  the  underclothes  are  wet  with  perspiration  the  danger 
is    from    chill    after    the    exercise    which    caused    the    perspiration    is 
ended.     If  the  soldier  can  not  give  himself  a  towel  rub  and  a  change 


56  CHAPTER  IV. 

of  underclothing,  he  should  put  on  his  blouse  and  move  about  until 
his  skin  and  clothes  become  dry. 

33  To  rest  or  cool  off,  and  particularly  to  fall  asleep,  in  a  cool, 
shady  place  in  damp  clothes  is  to  invite  suffering,  perhaps  permanent 
disability  or  death. 

34  When  an  infectious  disease  is  known  to  be  present  among 
the  civil  population  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  military  camp  or  station, 
care   should   be   taken   by   every   member   of   the   command   to   avoid 
exposure  to  the  infection.     Scarlet  fever,  measles,  and  diphtheria,  are 
met  with  in  the  United  States,  but  in  some  localities  our  troops  may 
have  to  guard  against  smallpox,  yellow  fever,   cholera,  and   bubonic 
plague.     The  careless  or  reckless  individual  will  be  the  first  to  suffer, 
but    he    may   not    suffer   alone;    many    of   his    comrades    may   become 
affected  and  die  through  his  fault. 

35  Such  infections  prevail  mostly  among  the  lower  classes   of 
a  community  who  have  no  knowledge  of  the  difference  between  health- 
ful  and   unhealthful   cpnditions    of   life.      Communication    with    them 
should  therefore  be  avoided. 

36  The    soldier    should    remember    that    association    with    lewd 
women  may  disable  him  for  life. 

37  Every  soldier  should  become  familiar  with  the  instructions 
in  the  "Outlines  of  First  Aid,"  so  as  to  be  able  to  help  himself  or 
others  in  the  event  of  wounds  or  accidents. 

THE  CARE  OF  THE  FEET 

The  feet  should  be  kept  clean  and  the  nails  cut  close  and  square. 
An  excellent  preventative  against  sore  feet  is  to  wash  them  every 
night  in  hot  (preferably  salt)  water  and  then  dry  thoroughly. 

Rubbing  the  feet  with  hard  soap,  grease  or  oil  of  any  kind  be 
fore  starting  on  a  march  is  also  good. 

Sore  or  blistered  feet  should  be  rubbed  with  tallow  from  a  lighted 
candle  and  a  little  common  spirits  (whiskey  or  alcohol  in  some  other 
form)  and  the  socks  put  on  at  once. 

Blisters  should  be  perforated  and  the  water  let  out,  but  the  skin 
must  not  be  removed. 

A  little  alum  in  warm  water  is  excellent  for  tender  feet. 

Two  small  squares  of  zinc  oxide  plaster,  one  on  top  of  the  other, 
will  prevent  the  skin  of  an  opened  blister  from  being  pulled  off. 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        57 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

Under  no  circumstances,   should  a   soldier  ever  start  off  on  a  march 
with  a  pair  of  new  shoes. 

FIRST  AID  TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED  U) 

In  operating  upon  a  comrade,  the  main  things  are  to  keep  cool, 
act  promptly,  and  make  him  feel  that  you  have  no  doubt  that,  you  can 
pull  him  through  all  right.  Place  him  in  a  comfortable  position,  and 
expose  the  wound.  If  you  cannot  otherwise  remove  the  clothing 
quickly  and  without  hurting  him,  rip  it  up  the  seam.  First  stop  the 
bleeding,  if  there  is  any;  then  cleanse  the  wound;  then  close  it,  if  a 
cut  or  torn  wound;  then  apply  a  sterilized  dressing;  then  bandage  it 
in  place. 

As  for  the  patient  himself,  let  him  never  say  die.  Pluck  has  car- 
ried many  a  man  triumphantly  through  what  seemed  the  forlornest 
hope. 

Kit  Carson  once  helped  to  amputate  a  comrade's  limb  when  the 
only  instruments  available'were  a  razor,  a  handsaw,  and  a  kingbolt  of 
a  wagon.  Not  a  man  in  the  party  knew  how  to  take  up  an  artery. 
Fine  teeth  were  filed  in  the  back  of  the  saw,  the  iron  was  made  white 
hot,  the  arm  removed,  the  stump  seared  so  as  to  close  the  blood 
vessels,  and — the  patient  recovered. 

Charles  F.  Lummis,  having  fractured  his  right  arm  so  badly  that 
the  bone  protruded,  and  being  alone  in  the  desert,  gave  his  canteen 
strap  two  flat  turns  about  the  wrist,  buckled.it  around  a  cedar  tree, 
mounted  a  near  by  rock,  set  his  heels  upon  the  edge,  and  threw  him- 
self backward.  He  fainted;  but  the  bone  was  set.  Then  having  rigged 
splints  to  the  injured  member  with  his  left  hand  and  teeth,  he  walked 
fifty  two  miles  without  resting,  before  he  could  get  food,  and  finished 
the  700-mile  tramp  to  Los  Angeles  with  the  broken  arm  slung  in  a 
bandanna. 

Richardson  tells  of  a  Montana  trapper  who,  having  his  leg  shat- 
tered in  an  Indian  fight,  and  finding  that  gangrene  was  setting  in, 
whetted  one  edge  of  his  big  hunting  knife,  filed  the  other  into  a 


(1)  Compiled  from  "The  Book  of  Camping  and  Woodcraft,"  by  Horace  Kep- 
hart  (The  Outing  Publishing  Company,  New  York),  from  "The  Complete  Camper's 
Manual,"  (Gold  Medal  Camp  Furniture  Mfg.  Co.,  Racine,  Wis.) ;  "Outlines  of  First 
Aid  For  the  Hospital  Corps,  U.  S.  A.,  and  "First  Aid  in  Illness  and  Injury,"  by 
James  E.  Pilcher,  Medical  Corps,  U.  S.  A.,  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  New  York.) 


58  CHAPTER  IV. 

saw,  and  with  his  own  hands  cut  the  flesh,  sawed  the  bone,  and  seared 
the  arteries  with  a  hot  iron.     He  survived. 

Bite  of  Rabid  Animal.  The  bite  of  a  mad  dog,  wolf,  skunk,  or 
other  animal  subject  to  rabies,  requires  instant  and  heroic  treat- 
ment. Immediately  twist  a  tourniquet  very  tight  above  the  wound, 
and  then  cut  out  the  whole  wound  with  a  knife,  or  cauterize  it  to  the 
bottom  with  a  hot  iron;  then  drink  enough  whiskey  to  counteract 
the  shock. 

Bite  of  Snake.     See"Snake  Bite." 

Bleeding,  how  checked.  To  stop  the  flow  of  blood  temporarily 
raise  the  injured  part  as  high  as  you  can  above  the  heart,  and 
press  very  firmly  with  thumb  or  finger  either  on  or  into  the 
wound.  The  patient  can  do  this  for  himself,  and  can  control  the 
bleeding  until  his  hand  gives  out.  There  is  record  of  an  Austrian 
soldier  who  stopped  bleeding  from  the  great  artery  of  the  thigh  for 
four  hours  by  plugging  the  wound  with  his  thumb;  if  he  had  let  go 
for  a  minute  he  would  have  bled  to  death. 

Observe  whether  the  bleeding  is  arterial  or  venous.  If  it 
comes  from  a  vein,  the  blood  will  be  dark  red  or  purplish,  and  will 
flow  in  a  steady  stream.  Press  upon  the  vein  belozv  the  wound;  then 
prepare  a  clean  pad  (compress)  and  bind  it  upon  the  wound  firmly 
enough  to  stop  the  bleeding  permanently. 

If  an  artery  is  cut,  the  blood  will  be  bright  red,  and  it  will 
probably  spurt  in  jets.  Try  to  locate  the  artery  above  the  wound 
(between  it  and  the  heart)  by  pressing  very  hard  where  you  think 
the  artery  may  pass  close  to  a  bone,  and  watch  if  this  checks  the 
flow.  When  you  find  the  artery,  then,  if  the  wound  be  in  leg,  arm, 
head,  or  any  other  place  where  a  tourniquet  can  be  applied,  proceed 
as  follows: 

Tie  a  strong  bandage  (handkerchief,  belt,  suspender,  rope,  strip 
of  clothing)  around  the  wounded  member,  and  between  the  wound 
and  the  heart.  Under  it,  and  directly  over  the  artery,  place  a  smooth 
pebble,  a  cartridge,  piece  of  stick,  or  other  hard  lump.  Then  thrust 
a  stout  stick  under  the  bandage,  and  twist  until  the  wound  stops 
bleeding.  The  lump  serves  two  purposes:  it  brings  the  most  pres- 
sure where  it  will  do  the  most  good,  and  it  allows  passage  of  enough 
blood  on  either  side  to  keep  the  limb  from  being  strangled  to  death. 

If  the  position  of  the  artery  above  the  wound  cannot  be  deter-' 
mined,  then,  in  case  of  a  gaping  wound  that  would  be  hard  to  plug, 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        59 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

apply  the  tourniquet  without  any  lump,  and  twist  it  very  tight  indeed. 
This  can  only  be  done  for  a  short  time,  while  you  are  preparing  to 
ligate  the  artery;  if  prolonged,  it  will  kill  the  limb,  and  gangrene  will 
ensue.  In  case  of  a  punctured  wound,  such  as  bullet  hole,  it  is  better 
to  push  a  plug  hard  down  in  the  wound  itself,  leaving  the  outer  end 
projecting  so  that  a  bandage  will  hold  the  plug  firmly  on  the  artery. 
This  must  be  done,  anyway,  wherever  a  tourniquet  cannot  be  used. 

The  above  expedients  are  only  temporary;  for  a  cut  artery,  if 
of  any  considerable  size,  must  be  ligated — that  is  to  say,  permanently 
closed  by  tying  one  or  both  of  the  severed  ends.  To  do  this  you  must 
have  at  least  a  pair  of  sharp-pointed  forceps  or  strong  tweezers. 
Perhaps  you  may  have  to  extemporize  them — if  you  have  no  iron, 
make  a  little  pair  of  tongs  by  heating  the  middle  of  a  green  hardwood 
stick,  bending  over,  and  then  shaping  and  fire-hardening  the  ends. 
Get  hold  of  the  end  of  the  artery  with  this,  draw  it  out,  and  have  some 
one  hold  it.  Then  take  a  piece  of  strong  thread  that  has  been  steri- 
lized in  boiling  salt  water,  make  a  loop  in  it  as  for  a  common  knot, 
but  pass  the  right  hand  end  of  the  thread  twice  around  the  other,  in- 
stead of  once  (surgeon's  knot — it  will  never  slip). 

Slip  this  loop  down  over  the  forceps  and  around  the  end  of  the 
artery,  and  draw  tight.  If  the  vessel  bleeds  from  both  ends,  ligate 
both. 

Powdered  alum,  tamped  hard  into  a  wound  will  stop  bleeding 
from  all  but  a  large  artery.  So  will  substances  rich  in  tannin,  such 
as  powdered  sumac  leaves  (dried  over  the  fire,  if  green)  and  pul- 
verized oak  or  hemlock  bark.  Do  not  use  cobwebs,  nor  the  woolly 
inside  of  puff  balls — these  old-fashioned  styptics  are  likely  to  infect  a 
wound  with  micro-organisms,  and  thus  do  more  harm  than  good. 

If  a  finger  or  toe  is  cut  off,  as  with  an  axe,  clap  it  quickly  into 
place  and  bind  it  there;  it  may  grow  on  again. 

Bruises.  Ordinary  bruises  are  best  treated  with  cold,  wet 
cloths.  Raw,  lean  meat  applied  to  the  part  will  prevent  discoloration. 
Severe  bruises,  which  are  likely  to  form  absesses,  should  be  covered 
with  cloths  wrung  out  in  water  as  hot  as  can  be  borne,  to  be  re- 
heated as  it  cools;  afterwards  with  hot  poultices. 

Burns.  If  clothing  sticks  to  the  burn,  do  not  try  to  remove  it, 
but  cut  around  it  and  flood  it  with  oil.  Prick  blisters  at  both  ends 
with  a  perfectly  clean  needle,  and  remove  the  water  by  gentle  pres- 


60  CHAPTER  IV. 

sure,  being  careful  not  to  break  the  skin.  A  good  application  for  a 
burn,  including  sun  burn,  is  carron  oil  (equal  parts  linseed  oil  and 
limewater).  Druggists  supply  an  ointment  known  as  "solidified  carron 
oil"  that  is  easier  to  carry.  A  "three  per  cent,  solution  of  carbolic 
acid,  applied  with  absorbent  cotton  or  a  ba.ndage,  is  an  excellent  ap- 
plication. Better  still  is  the  salve  known  as  ungentine.  Lacking  these 
the  next  best  thing  is  common  baking  soda.  (Baking  soda  is  the 
bicarbonate;  washing  soda,  or  plain  soda,  is  the  carbonate;  do  not 
confuse  them).  Dissolve  in  as  little  water  as  is  required  to  take  it 
up;  saturate  a  cloth  with  this  and  apply.  Another  good  application 
for  burns  is  the  scrapings  of  a  raw  potato,  renewed  when  it  feels 
hot.  If  you  have  none  of  these,  use  any  kind  of  clean  oil  or  unsalted 
grease,  or  dust  flour  over  the  burn,  or  use  moist  earth,  preferably 
clay;  then  cover  with  cotton  cloth.  Do  not  remove  the  dead  skin 
until  new  skin  has  formed  underneath. 

Burning  Clothing,  particularly  that  of  females,  has  been  the  un- 
necessary cause  of  many  horrible  deaths,  either  from  ignorance  of 
the  proper  means  of  extinguishing  the  flames,  or  from  lack  of  pres- 
ence of  mind  to  apply  them.  A  person  whose  clothing  is  blazing 
should  (1)  immediately  be  made  to  lie  down — be  thrown  if  neces- 
sary. The  tendency  of  flames  is  upward,  and  when  the  patient  is 
lying  down,  they  not  only  have  less  to  feed  upon,  but  the  danger  of 
their  reaching  the  face,  with  the  possibility  of  choking  and  of  ultimate 
deformity,  is  greatly  diminished.  (2)  The  person  should  then  be 
quickly  wrapped  up  in  a  coat,  shawl,  rug,  blanket  or  any  similar 
article,  preferably  woolen,  and  never  cotton,  and  the  fire  completely 
smothered  by  pressing  and  patting  upon  the  burning  points  from  the 
outside  of  the  envelope. 

The  flames  having  been  controlled  in  this  way,  when  the  wrap 
is  removed,  great  care  should  be  taken  to  have  the  slightest  sign 
of  a  blaze  immediately  and  completely  stifled.  This  is  best  done  by 
pinching  it,  but  water  may  be  used.  Any  burns  and  any  prostration 
or  shock  should  be  treated  in  the  manner  prescribed  for  them. 

It  is  always  dangerous  for  a  woman  to  attempt  to  smother  the 
burning  clothing  of  another,  on  account  of  the  danger  to  her  own 
clothing.  If  she  attempts  it,  she  should  always  carefully  hold  be- 
tween them  the  rug  in  which  she  is  about  to  wrap  the  sufferer. 

Chigers.  Apply  sodium  hyposulphate  ("Hypo").  Bacon  is  also 
excellent. 

Choking.     Foreign  Body  in  the  Throat.     The  common  practice  of 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        61 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

slapping  the  back  often  helps  the  act  of  coughing  to  dislodge  chok- 
ing bodies  in  the  pharynx  or  windpipe. 

When  this  does  not  succeed,  the  patient's  mouth  may  be  opened 
and  two  fingers  passed  back  into  the  throat  to  grasp  the  object.  If 
the  effort  to  grasp  the  foreign  body  is  not  successful,  the  act  will  pro- 
duce vomiting,  which  may  expel  it. 

A  wire,  such  as  a  hairpin,  may  be  bent  into  a  loop  and  passed 
into  the  pharynx  to  catch  the  foreign  body  and  draw  it  out.  The 
utmost  precautions  must  be  taken  neither  to  harm  the  throat  nor  to 
lose  the  loop. 

In  children,  and  even  in  adults,  the  expulsion  of  the  body  may 
be  facilitated  by  lifting  a  patient  up  by  the  heels  and  slapping  his 
back  in  this  position. 

Summon  a  physician,  taking  care  to  send  him  information  as  to 
the  character  of  the  accident,  so  that  he  may  bring  with  him  the  in- 
struments needed  for  removing  the  obstruction. 

Clothing,  burning  of.     See  "Burning  Clothing." 

Colds.  Put  on  warm,  dry  clothing.  Drink  freely  of  hot  ginger 
tea;  cover  well  at  night;  give  dose  of  quinine  every  six  hours;  loosen 
the  bowels. 

Constipation.  Give  doses  compound  cathartic  pills,  eat  freely 
of  preserves;  drink  often. 

Convulsions.  Give  hot  baths  at  once;  rub  well  the  lower  parts 
of  the  body  to  stimulate;  keep  water  as  hot  as  possible  without  scald- 
ing, then  dry  and  wrap  up  very  warm. 

Cramps  and  Chills.  Mix  pepper  and  ginger  in  very  hot  water 
and  drink.  Give  dose  of  cramp  tablets. 

A  hot  stone  makes  a  good  foot  warmer. 

Diarrhoea.  Apply  warm  bandages  to  stomach;  fire  brown  a  little 
flour  to  which  two  teaspoonfuls  of  vinegar  and  one  teaspoonful  of 
salt  are  added;  mix  and  drink.  This  is  a  cure,  nine  cases  out  of  ten.  A 
tablespoonful  of  warm  vinegar  and  teaspoonful  of  salt  will  cure 
most  severe  cases.  Don't  eat  fruit.  A  hot  drink  of  ginger  tea  is 
good.  Repeat  every  few  hours  the  above. 

Dislocations.  A  dislocation  of  a  finger  can  generally  be  re- 
duced by  pulling  strongly  and  at  the  same  time  pushing  the  tip  of 
the  finger  backward. 


62  CHAPTER  IV. 

If  a  shoulder  is  thrown  out  of  joint,  have  the  man  lie  down, 
place  a  pad  in  his -arm  pit,  remove  your  shoe,  and  seat  yourself  by 
his  side,  facing  him;  then  put  your  foot  in  his  armpit,  grasp  the  dis- 
located arm  in  both  hands,  and  simultaneously  push  with  your  foot, 
pull  on  his  arm,  and  swing  the  arm  toward  his  body  till  a  snap  is 
heard  or  felt. 

For  any  other  dislocation,  if  you  can  possibly  get  a  surgeon,  do 
not  meddle  with  the  joint,  but  surround  it  with  flannel  cloths,  wrung 
out  in  hot  water,  and  support  with  soft  pads. 

Fainting.  Lay  the  patient  on  his  back,  with  feet  higher  than 
his  head.  Loosen  tight  clothing,  and  let  him  have"  plenty  of  fresh 
air.  Sprinkle  his  face  with  cold  water  and  rub  his  arms  with  it. 
When  consciousness  returns,  give  him  a  stimulant.  For  an  attack 
of  dizziness  bend  the  head  down  firmly  between  the  knees. 

Drowning.  The  instructions  issued  by  the  U.  S.  Volunteer  Life 
Saving  Corps,  "are  as  follows: 

RESCUING.  Approach  the  drowning  man  from  behind,  seizing 
him  by  the  coat  collar,  or  a  woman  by  the  back  hair,  and  tow  him  at 
arms  length  to  boat  or  shore.  Do  not  let  him  cling  around  your  neck 
or  arms  to  endanger  you.  Duck  him  until  unconscious  if  necessary 
to  break  dangerous  hold  upon  you;  but  do  not  strike  to  stun  him. 

RESUSCITATION.  First:  Immediately  loosen  the  clothing 
about  the  neck  and  chest,  exposing  them  to  the  wind,  except  in  very 
severe  weather,  and  get  the  water  out  of  the  body.  First  try  tickling 
in  the  throat  by  a  straw  or  feather,  or  ammonia  to  the  nose;  try  a 
severe  slap  with  the  open  hand  upon  the  chest  and  soles  of  feet;  if 
no  immediate  result  proceed  as  follows: 

Second:  Lay  the  body  with  its  weight  on  the  stomach,  across  any 
convenient  object,  a  keg,  box,  boat,  timber  or  your  knee,  in  the  open 
air,  with  the  head  hanging  down.  Open  the  mouth  quickly  drawing 
the  tongue  forward  with  handkerchief  or  cloth  so  as  to  let  the  water 
escape.  Keep  the  mouth  clear  of  liquid.  Then  roll  the  body  gently 
from  side  to  side  so  as  to  relieve  the  pressure  on  the  stomach,  then 
back  to  the  stomach.  Do  this  several  times  to  force  the  water  from 
the  stomach  and  throat. 

Third:  Laying  the  body  on  the  back,  make  a  roll  of  coat  or  any 
garment,  place  it  under  the  shoulders  of  patient,  allowing  the  head 
to  fall  back.  Then  kneel  at  the  head  of  the  patient.  Grasp  the  arms 
at  the  middle  of  forearms,  folded  across  the  stomach,  raise  the  arms 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        63 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

over  the  head  to  a  perpendicular  position,  drawing  them  backwards 
straight,  then  forward  overhead  to  the  sides  again,  pressing  the  arms 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  ribs  and  sides,  so  as  to  produce  a  bellows 
movement  upon  the  lungs.  Do  this  sixteen  or  eighteen  times  a  min- 
ute. Smelling  salts,  camphor  or  ammonia  may  be  applied  to  the 
nostrils  to  excite  breathing.  But  give  no  spirits  internally  until  after 
breathing  and  circulation  are  restored.  The  clothing  should  be  re- 
moved, the  body  dried,  and  the  legs  rubbed  briskly  upwards,  from 
foot  to  knee,  occasionally  slapping  the  soles  of  the  feet  with  the 
open  hand. 

Fourth:  On  signs  of  life,  or  when  breathing  is  restored,  wrap  in 
warm  blanket  or  hot  cloths.  To  encourage  circulation,  hot  tea, 
brandy  or  any  spirits  may  be  given  in  small  doses,  with  care  to  avoid 
strangulation,  and  brisk  rubbing  and  warmth  applied  to  the  entire 
body. 

Keep  at  work  until  recovery,  or  death  is  pronounced  certain,  by 
a  physician.  Persons  have  revived  after  two  hours'  steady  work,  but 
most  cases  revive  within  thirty  minutes. 

Drunkenness.  Cold  water  dashed  in  the  face  often  proves  a 
most  satisfactory  awakener. 

Cause  vomiting  by  tickling  the  pharynx  with  a  feather  or  some- 
thing of  the  kind;  by  administering  a  tablespoonful  of  salt  or  mustard 
in  a  cup  of  warm  water.  Aromatic  spirits  of  ammonia  is  very  effi- 
cient in  sobering  a  drunken  man — a  teaspoonful  in  half  a  cup  of  water. 

A  cup  of  hot  coffee  after  vomiting  will  aid  to  settle  the  stomach 
and  clear  the  mind. 

Lay  the  subject  in  a  comfortable  position,  applying  hot,  dry 
formentations,  if  there  is  marked  coldness. 

Ear,  Foreign  Body  in.  In  case  of  living  insect,  (a)  hold  a 
bright  light  to  the  ear.  The  fascination  which  a  light  has  for  insects 
will  often  cause  them  to  leave  the  ear  to  go  to  the  light.  If  this  fails, 
(&)  syringe  the  ear  with  warm  salt  and  water,  or  (c)  pour  in  warm  oil 
from  a  teaspoon,  and  the  intruder  will  generally  be  driven  out. 

If  the  body  be  vegetable,  or  any  substance  liable  to  swell,  do  not 
syringe  the  ear,  for  the  fluid  will  cause  it  to  swell,  and  soften  and 
render  it  much  more  difficult  to  extract.  In  a  case  of  this  kind, 
where  a  bean,  a  grain  of  corn,  etc.,  has  gotten  into  the  ear,  the  body 


64  CHAPTER  IV. 

may  be  jerked  out  by  bending  the  head  to  the  affected  side  and  jump- 
ing repeatedly. 

If  the  body  is  not  liable  to  swell,  syringing  with  tepid  water 
will  often  wash  it  out. 

If  these  methods  fail,  consult  a  medical  man.  The  presence  of 
a  foreign  body  in  the  ear  will  do  no  immediate  harm,  and  it  is  quite 
possible  to  wait  several  days,  if  a  surgeon  cannot  be  gotte'n  before. 

Earache.  A  piece  of  cotton  sprinkled  with  pepper  and  moistened 
with  oil  or  fat  will  give  almost  instant  relief.  Wash  with  hot  water. 

Eyes,  inflamed.  Bind  on  hot  tea  leaves  or  raw  fresh  meat. 
Leave  on  over  night.  Wash  well  in  morning  with  warm  water. 

Eye,  Foreign  Body  in.  Close  the  eye  for  a  few  moments  and  al- 
low the  tears  to  accumulate;  upon  opening  it,  the  body  may  be  washed 
out  by  them.  Never  rub  the  eye. 

If  the  body  lies  under  the  lower  lid,  make  the  patient  look  up, 
and  at  the  same  time  press  down  upon  the  lid;  the  inner  surface 
of  the  lid  will  be  exposed,  and  the  foreign  body  may  be  brushed  off 
with  the  corner  of  a  handkerchief. 

If  the  body  lies  under  the  upper  lid,  (/)  grasp  the  lashes  of  the 
upper  lid  and  pull  it  down  over  the  lower,  which  should  at  the  same 
time,  with  the  other  hand,  be  pushed  up  under  the  upper.  Upon 
repeating  this  two  or  three  times,  the  foreign  body  will  often  be 
brushed  out  on  the  lower  lid.  (<?)  If  this  fails,  the  upper  lid  should 
be  turned  up;  make  the  patient.shut  his  eye  and  look  down;  then  with 
a  pencil  or  some  similar  article  press  gently  upon  the  lid  at  about  its 
middle,  and  grasping  the  lashes  with  the  other  hand,  turn  the  lid 
up  over  the  pencil,  when  its  inner  surface  will  be  seen,  and  the  for- 
eign body  may  readily  be  brushed  off. 

If  the  body  is  firmly  imbedded  in  the  surface  of  the  eye,  a  care- 
ful attempt  may  be  made  to  lift  it  out  with  the  point  of  a  needle. 
If  not  at  once  successful,  this  should  not  be  persisted  in,  as  the  sight 
may  be  injured  by  injudicious  efforts. 

After  the  removal  of  a  foreign  body  from  the  eye,  a  sensation 
as  if  of  its  presence  often  remains.  People  not  infrequently  complain 
of  a  foreign  body  when  it  has  already  been  removed  by  natural  means. 
Sometimes  the  body  has  excited  a  little  irritation,  which  feels  like  a 
foreign  body.  If  this  sensation  remains  over  night,  the  eye  needs 
attention,  and  a  surgeon  should  be  consulted;  for  it  should  have 
passed  away  if  no  irritating  body  is  present. 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        65 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

After  the  removal  of  an  irritating  foreign  body  from  the  eye, 
some  bland  fluid  should  be  poured  into  it.  Milk,  thin  mucilage  of 
gum  arabic,  sweet  oil,  or  salad  oil  are  excellent  for  this  purpose. 

Famishing.  Do  not  let  a  starved  person  eat  much  at  a  time. 
Prepare  some  broth,  or  a  gruel  of  corn  meal  or  oatmeal  thoroughly 
cooked,  and  feed  but  a  small  spoonful,  repeating  at  intervals  of  a  few 
minutes.  Give  very  little  the  first  day,  or  there  will  be  bloating  and 
nausea. 

Fatigue,  excessive.  Take  a  stimulant  or  hot  drink  when  you 
get  to  camp  (but  not  until  then),  and  immediately  eat  something. 
Then  rest  between  blankets  to  avoid  catching  cold. 

Feet,  sore  and  blistered.     See  "Care  of  Feet,"  page  304. 

Fevers.  Give  doses  of  quinine  tablets;  loosen  bowels  if  neces- 
sary; keep  dry  and  warm. 

Freezing.  Keep  away  from  heat.  To  toast  frost  bitten  fingers 
or  toes  before  the  fire  would  bring  chilblains,  and  thawing  out  a 
badly  frozen  part  would  probably  result  in  gangrene,  making  ampu- 
tation necessary.  Rub  the  frozen  part  with  snow,  or  with  ice  cold 
water,  until  the  natural  color  of  the  skin  is  restored.  Then  treat  as  a 
burn. 

Chilblains  should  be  rubbed  with  whiskey  or  alum  water. 

Freezing  to  Death.  At  all  hazards  keep  awake.  Take  a  stick 
and  beat  each  other  unmercifully;  to  restore  circulation  to  frozen 
limbs  rub  with  snow;  when  roused  again  don't  stop  or  fall  asleep — 
it  is  certain  death.  Remember  this  and  rouse  yourself. 

Head,  How  to  Keep  Cool.  By  placing  wet  green  leaves  inside 
of  hat. 

Insect  Stings.  Extract  the  sting,  if  left  in  the  wound,  and  apply 
a  solution  of  baking  soda,  or  a  slice  of  raw  onion,  or  a  paste  of  clay, 
mixed  with  saliva,  or  a  moist  quid  of  tobacco.  Ammonia  is  the  com- 
mon remedy,  but  oil  of  sassafras  is  better.  A  watch  key  or  other 
small  hollow  tube  pressed  with  force  over  the  puncture  and  held 
there  several  minutes  will  expel  a  good  deal  of  the  poison. 

Ivy  Poison.  Relieved  with  solution  of  baking  soda  and  water; 
use  freely  as  a  cooling  wash.  Keep  the  bowels  open. 


66  CHAPTER  IV. 

Lightning,  Struck  by.  Dash  cold  water  on  body  continually;  if 
severe  case,  add  salt  to  water;  continue  for  hours  if  necessary.  If 
possible  submerge  body  in  running  water  up  to  neck. 

Nose,  Foreign  Body  in.  Close  the  clear  side  of  the  nose  by 
pressure  with  a  finger,  and  make  the  patient  blow  the  nose  hard. 
This  will  usually  dislodge  the  object. 

If  this  fails,  induce  sneezing  either  by  tickling  the  nose  with  a 
feather  or  something  of  the  kind,  or  by  administering  snuff. 

The  nasal  douche,  where  a  syringe  or  a  long  rubber  tube  suit- 
able for  a  siphon  is  available,  may  be  used  in  case  the  body  is  not 
liable  to  swell,  injecting  luke  warm  water  into  the  clear  nostril  with 
the  expectation  that  it  will  push  the  body  out  of  the  other. 

If  these  fail,  and  the  body  can  be  seen  clearly,  an  effort  may  be 
made  to  fish  it  out  by  passing  a  piece  of  wire,  bent  into  a  little  hook, 
back  into  the  nostril  close  to  the  wall,  and  catching  the  body  with 
it.  A  hairpin  may  be  bent  straight  and  the  hook  formed  at  one  end. 
Do  not  continue  these  manoeuvers  very  long  nor  let  them  be  rough  in 
the  slightest  degree. 

All  simple  efforts  having  failed,  send  for  a  physician.  There  is 
no  danger  in  leaving  the  foreign  body  in  place  for  some  days  if  it 
is  impossible  to  consult  a  physician  in  less  time. 

Nosebleed  is  sometimes  uncontrollable  by  ordinary  means.  Try 
lifting  the  arms  above  the  head  and  snuffing  up  alum  water  or  salt' 
water.  If  this  fails,  make  a  plug  by  rolling  up  part  of  a  half  inch  strip 
of  cloth,  leaving  one  end  dangling.  Push  this  plug  as  far  up  the  nose 
as  it  will  go,  pack  the  rest  of  the  strip  tightly  into  the  nostril,  and 
let  the  end  protrude.  If  there  is  leakage  backward  into  the  mouth,  pack 
the  lower  part  of  plug  more  tightly.  Leave  the  plug  in  place  several 
hours;  then  loosen  with  warm  water  or  oil,  and  remove  very  gently. 

Ointment  for  Bruises,  Etc.  Wash  with  hot  water;  then  anoint 
with  tallow  or  candle  grease. 

Piles.  Men  with  piles  should  take  special  pains  to  keep  their 
bowels  open  and  to  bathe  the  parts  with  cold  water. 

Poisons.  In  all  cases  of  poisoning  there  should  be  no  avoid- 
able delay  in  summoning  a  physician.  The  most  important  thing  is 
that  the  stomach  should  be  emptied  at  once.  If  the  patient  is  able 
to  swallow  this  may  be  accomplished  by  emetics,  such  as  mustard 
and  water,  a  teaspoonful  of  mustard  to  a  glass  of  water,  salt  and 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        67 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

water,  powdered  ipecac  and  copious  draughts  of  hike  warm  water. 
Vomiting  may  also  be  induced  by  tickling  the  back  of  the  throat 
with  a  feather.  When  the  patient  begins  to  vomit,  care  should  be  taken 
to  support  the  head  in  order  that  the  vomited  matter  may  be  ejected 
at  once,  and  not  swallowed  again  or  drawn  into  the  wind  pipe. 

Poultices.  Poultices  may  be  needed  not  only  for  bruises  but  for 
felons,  boils,  carbunkles,  etc.  They  are  easily  made  from  corn  meal 
or  oat  meal.  Mix  by  adding  a  little  at  a  time  to  boiling  water  and 
stirring  to  a  thick  paste;  then  spread  on  cloth.  Renew  from  time  to 
time  as  it  cools. 

To  prevent  a  poultice  from  sticking,  cover  the  under  surface  with 
clean  mosquito  netting,  or  smear  the  bruise  with  oil.  It  is  a  good 
idea  to  dust  some  charcoal  over  a  sore  before  putting  the  poultice  on. 
The  woods  themselves  afford  plenty  of  materials  for  good  poultices. 
Chief  of  these  is  slippery  elm,  the  mucilaginous  innerbark  of  which, 
boiled  in  water  and  kneaded  into  a  poultice,  is  soothing  to  inflamma- 
tion and  softens  the  tissues.  Good  poultices  can  also  be  made  from 
the  soft  rind  of  tamarack,  the  rootbark  of  basswood  or  cottonwood, 
and  many  other  trees  or  plants.  Our  frontiersmen,  like  the  Indians, 
often  treated  wounds  by  merely  applying  the  chewed  fresh  leaves  of 
alder,  striped  maple  (moosewood)  or  sassafras. 

Salves.  Balsam  obtained  by  pricking  the  little  blisters  on  the 
bark  of  balsam  firs  is  a  good  application  for  a  wound;  so  is  the 
honey  like  gum  of  the  liquidambar  or  sweet  gum  tree,  raw  turpen- 
tine from  any  pine  tree,  and  the  resin  procured  by  "boxing"  (gashing) 
a  cypress  or  hemlock  tree,  or  by  boiling  a  knot  of  the  wood  and 
skimming  off  the  surface.  All  of  these  resins  are  antiseptics  and 
soothing  to  a  wound. 

Scalds.  Relieve  instantly  with  common  baking  soda  and  soaking 
wet  rags — dredge  the  soda  on  thick  and  wrap  wet  clothes  thereon. 
To  dredge  with  flour  is  good  also. 

Shock.  In  case  of  collapse  following  an  accident,  operation, 
fright:  treat  first  as  for  fainting.  Then  rub  the  limbs  with  flannel, 
stroking  the  extremities  toward  the  heart.  Apply  hot  plates,  stones, 
or  bottles  of  hot  water,  wrapped  in  towels,  to  the  extremities  and 
over  the  stomach.  Then  give  hot  tea  or  coffee,  or  if  there  is  no 
bleeding,  a  tablespoonful  of  whiskey  and  hot  water,  repeating  three 
or  four  times  an  hour. 


68  CHAPTER  IV. 

Skin,  protection  of,  in  cold  weather.  Smear  the  face,  ears  and 
hands  with  oil  or  grease.  The  eyes  may  be  protected  from  the  re- 
flection of  the  sun  on  snow  by  blackening  the  nose  and  cheeks. 

Snake  Bite.  When  a  man  is  bitten  he  should  instantly  twist 
a  tourniquet  very  tightly  between  the  wound  and  the  heart,  to  keep 
the  poison,  as  far  as  possible,  from  entering  the  system.  Then  cut 
the  wound  wide  open,  so  it  may  bleed  freely,  and  suck  the  wound, 
if  practicable  (the  poison  is  harmless  if  swallowed,  but  not  if  it 
gets  into  the  circulation  through  an  abrasion  in  the  mouth  or  through 
a  hollow  tooth.)  Loosen  the  ligature  before  long  to  admit  fresh 
blood  to  the  injured  part,  but  tighten  it  again  very  soon,  and  repeat 
this  alternate  tightening  and  loosening  for  a  considerable  time.  The 
object  is  to  admit  only  a  little  of  the  poison  at  a  time  into  the  general 
circulation.  Meantime  drink  whiskey  in  moderate  doses,  but  at  fre- 
quent intervals.  If  a  great  quantity  is  guzzled  all  at  once  it  will  do 
more  harm  than  good.  Whiskey  is  not  an  antidote;  it  has  no  effect 
at  all  on  the  venom;  its  service  is  simply  as  a  stimulant  for  the  heart 
and  lungs,  thus  helping  the  system  to  throw  off  the  poison,  and  as  a 
bracer  to  the  victim's  nerves,  helping  him  over  the  crisis. 

Snow  or  Sun  Blindness.  Smear  the  nose  and  face  about  the 
eyes  with  charcoal. 

Sore  Throat.  Fat  bacon  or  pork  tied  on  with  a  dry  stocking; 
keep  on  until  soreness  is  gone  then  remove  fat  and  keep  covering  on 
a  day  longer.  Tincture  of  Iron  diluted;  swab  the  throat.  Gargling 
with  salt  and  hot  water  is  effective.  Listerine,  used  as  a  gargle,  is  also 
good. 

Sprains.  The  regular  medical  treatment  is  to  plunge  a  sprained 
ankle,  wrist  or  finger,  into  water  as  hot  as  can  be  borne  at  the  start, 
and  to  raise  the  heat  gradually  thereafter  to  the  limit  of  endurance. 
Continue  for  half  an  hour,  then  put  the  joint  in  a  hot,  wet  bandage,  re- 
heat from  time  to  time,  and  support  the  limb  in  an  elevated  position, 
the  leg  being  stretched  as  high  as  the  hip,  or  the  arm  carried  in  a  sling. 
In  a  day  or  two  begin  gently  moving  and  kneading  the  joint,  and  rub 
with  liniment,  oil,  or  vaselin. 

Sprains  may  also  be  treated  by  the  application  of  cold  water  and 
cloths. 

As  a  soothing  application  for  sprains,  bruises,  etc.,  the  virtues 
of  witch  hazel  are  well  known.  A  decoction  (strong  tea)  of  the  bark 
is  easily  made,  or  a  poultice  can  be  made  from  it.  The  inner  bark 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        69 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

of  kinnikinick,  otherwise  known  as  red  willow  or  silky  cornel,  makes 
an  excellent  astringent  poultice  for  sprains.  The  pain  and  inflamma- 
tion of  a  sprained  ankle  are  much  relieved  by  dipping  tobacco  leaves 
in  water  and  binding  them  around  the  injured  part. 

Stings  of  Insects.    See  "Insect  Stings." 

Stunning.  Concussion  of  the  brain:  lay  the  man  on  his  back, 
with  head  somewhat  raised.  Apply  heat  as  for  shock,  but  keep  the 
head  cool  with  wet  cloths.  Do  not  give  any  stimulant — that  would 
drive  blood  to  the  brain,  where  it  is  not  wanted. 

Sunstroke.  Lay  the  patient  in  a  cool  place,  position  same  as 
for  stunning.  If  the  skin  is  hot,  remove  clothing,  or  at  least  loosen  it. 
Hold  a  vessel  or  hat  full  of  cold  water  four  or  five  feet  above  him  and 
pour  a  stream  first  on  his  head,  then  on  his  body,  and  last  on  his 
extremities.  Continue  until  consciousness  returns.  Renew  if  symp- 
toms recur. 

If  the  skin  is  cool  (a  bad  sign)  apply  warmth,  and  give  stimu- 
lating drinks. 

Thirst.  Allow  the  sufferer  only  a  spoonful  of  water  at  a  time, 
but  at  frequent  intervals.  Bathe  him  if  possible. 

To  quench  thirst.  Don't  drink  too  often,  better  rinse  out  the 
mouth  often,  taking  a  swallow  or_two  only.  A  pebble  or  button  kept 
in  the  mouth  will  help  quench  that  dry  and  parched  tongue. 

Toothache.  Warm  vinegar  and  salt.  Hold  in  mouth  around 
tooth  until  pain  ceases,  or  plug  cavity  with  cotton  mixed  with  pepper 
and  ginger. 

Wounds.  When  a  ball  enters  or  goes  through  the  muscles  or 
soft  parts  of  the  body  alone,  generally  nothing  need  be  done  except 
to  protect  the  wound  or  wounds  with  the  contents  of  the  first  aid 
packet.  The  directions  for  the  use  of  this  packet  are  simple,  and 
each  packet  contains  them.  In  doing  this  always  be  careful  of  one 
thing — not  to  touch  the  wound  with  your  fingers  nor  handle  it  in 
any  way,  for  the  dirt  on  your  hands  is  harmful,  and  you  must  dis- 
turb a  wound  as  little  as  possible.  Be  content  to  open  the  packet 
carefully,  and,  placing  the  small  pads  or  compresses  upon  the  wound 
or  wounds,  to  wrap  the  binder  or  narrow  bandage  firmly  about  the 
parts,  fastening  with  a  safety  pin.  This  will  hold  the  pads  in  place 
and  will  help  to  stop  the  ordinary  bleeding.  The  large  or  triangular 


70  CHAPTER  IV. 

bandage  should  be  bound  over  this  or  used  as  a  sling  if  required. 
Generally  this  is  all  that  is  necessary  for  the  first  treatment,  and  some- 
times it  is  all  that  is  needed  for  several  days.  The  importance  of  the 
care  with  which  this  first  dressing  is  made,  can  not  be  too  seriously 
insisted  upon.  It  is  better  to  leave  a  wound  undressed  than  to  dress 
it  carelessly  or  ignorantly,  so  that  the  dressing  must  soon  be  removed. 

The  following  should  always  be  remembered: 

i.  Never  touch  a  wound  with  anything  unclean — dirty  fingers, 
non-disinfected  bandages,  dirty  water,  etc.  It  may  cause  inflamma- 
tion, ulceration,  or  blood  poisoning. 

2  Expose  the  wound  by  removing  the  covering  article  of  dress, 
which  contains  many  impurities.  Unbutton  or  cut  clothes  and  examine 
extent  of  bleeding.  Open  all  articles  of  clothing  which  might  hin- 
der circulation  of  blood  or  breathing  (collar,  necktie,  belt).  To  avoid 
pain  and  bleeding,  raise  legs  by  putting  under  them  a  valise,  saddle, 
truss  of  straw,  etc.;  slight  bleeding  will  often  cease  in  this  position  of 
its  own  accord,  without  any  bandaging.  A  bandage  is  advisable  to 
protect  the  wound  from  dirt,  flies  or  cold.  USE  THE  FIRST  AID 
PACKET. 

Cleansing.  After  stopping  the  rlow  of  blood,  cleanse  the  wound 
of  any  foreign  substance  that  may  have  entered  it.  To  remove  a 
splinter,  slip  the  point  of  a  small  knife  blade  under  the  protruding 
end  and  catch  it  with  the  thumb  nail.  A  fish  hook  imbedded  in  the 
flesh  should  be  pushed  on  through;  then  nip  or  file  off  the  barb,  and 
withdraw.  If  a  bullet  is  deeply  imbedded,  let  it  alone;  the  chances  are 
that  it  will  do  no  harm. 

After  picking  out  dirt,  bits  of  cloth,  or  other  matter  that  would 
make  the  wound  sore  and  slow  to  heal,  wash  the  injured  part  with 
perfectly  clean  water.  If  there  be  any  doubt  about  the  water,  boil  it. 

Do  not  mop  the  wound  with  a  rag.  Hold  the  water  a  few  inches 
above  it  and  let  a  small  stream  gently  trickle  down  upon  it.  A  clean 
cut  needs  no  washing;  simply  draw  the  edges  together  and  fasten 
them  in  place.  Whenever  it  can  be  done,  shave  the  skin  for  some 
distance  around  the  wound.  Hairs,  no  matter  how  small,  are  grease 
coated  and  favor  the  growth  of  germs.  Shaving  also  scrapes  off  the 
surface  dirt  and  dead  scales  of  skin. 

Closing.  Never  cover  a  wound  with  court  plaster.  It  prevents 
the  free  escape  of  supperation,  inflames  the  part,  and  makes  the  place 


CARE  OF  THE  HEALTH  AND  FIRST  AID        71 
TO  THE  SICK  AND  INJURED. 

difficult  to  cleanse  thereafter.  The  only  legitimate  uses  for  sticking 
plaster  are  to  hold  dressings  in  place  where  bandaging  is  difficult 
(as  on  the  buttock),  or,  in  case  of  a  cut  to  keep  the  edges  closed  with- 
out sewing  the  skin.  In  the  latter  case  the  cut  may  be  crossed  with 
narrow  strips  of  plaster,  leaving  spaces  between;  but  a  better  way, 
if  you  have  regular  surgeon's  plaster,  is  as  follows:  Lay  a  broad  strip 
on  each  side  of  the  cut  half  an  inch  apart,  and  extending  beyond  the 
wound  at  each  end.  Stick  these  strips  firmly  in  place,  except  about 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  of  the  inner  margins,  which  are  left  loose  for  the 
present.  With  needle  and  thread  lace  the  strips  (deep  stitches,  so 
they'll  not  pull  out)  so  as  to  draw  the  edges  of  the  wound  together, 
and  then  stick  the  inner  margins  down,  not  covering  the  wound. 

Sewing  a  wound  should  be  avoided  by  inexperienced  persons, 
unless  it  is  really  necessary,  as  in  the  case  of  a  foot  almost  severed 
by  an  axe  cut.  If  an  ordinary  needle  and  thread  must  be  used, 
sterilize  them  by  soaking  in  a  boiling  solution  of  salt  and  water.  (It 
is  here  assumed  that  no  better  antiseptic  agents  are  available.  Sugar 
and  water,  or  vinegar  will  do  in  a  pinch.)  Do  not  sew  continuously 
over  and  over,  but  make  a  deep  stitch  and  snip  off  the  thread,  leaving 
enough  at  each  end  to  tie  with  by  and  by.  Repeat  this  at  proper 
intervals,  until  enough  stitches  have  been  taken;  then,  go  back  and 
tie  them,  one  after  another,  with  surgeon's  knot.  Such  sewing  is  easy 
to  remove  when  the  proper  time  comes,  sa}r  within  about  six  days. 

Dressing.  An  inflammation  of  wounds,  suppuration,  and  blood 
poisoning,  are  due  to  living  germs,  and  to  nothing  else.  These  germs 
are  not  born  in  the  wound,  but  enter  from  the  outside.  We  may  as 
well  say  that  they  are  present  everywhere.  To  prevent  their  entrance 
is  much  easier  than  to  kill  them  once  they  have  gaind  foothold. 
The  only  guarantee  of  a  wound  healing  nicely  is  to  make  it  antiseptic 
— that  is  to  say,  surgically  clean.  That  means  sterilizing  everything 
used  about  the  wound  (by  heat,  if  you  have  no  antiseptics),  not  trust- 
ing that  anything  is  germ  free  because  it  looks  clean.  The  micro- 
organisms that  cause  inflammation  of  a  wound,  fever,  putrefaction, 
cannot  be  seen  with  the  eye,  and  they  may  lurk  anywhere. 

Do  not  use  a  mere  bandage  directly  on  an  open  wound.  First, 
cover  the  injury  with  a  compress  (soft  pad,  made  by  folding  a  strip 
of  cloth  in  several  layers);  then  bandage.  Unless  you  have  a  first 
aid  packet,  or  are  otherwise  provided  with  sterilized  dressings  or 


72  CHAPTER  IV. 

antiseptics,  hold  the  material  of  the  compress  over  a  clear  fire  until 
it  is  fairly  scorched;  then  let  it  cool.  A  little  charring  of  the  surface 
will  do  no  harm;  in  fact  charcoal  is  itself  a  good  application  to  the 
surface  of  a  wound.  Of  course  the  compress  is  to  be  renewed  every 
time  the  wound  is  dressed. 

NOTE. 

The  only  way  to  learn  how  to  use  bandages,  slings  and  splints; 
how  to  make  tourniquets,  and  how  to  handle  fractures,  is  to  have 
someone  who  thoroughly  understands  these  things  show  you  in  per- 
son how  to  do  them  and  then  for  you  to  do  them  yourself.  It  is, 
therefore,  suggested  that  such  instruction  be  received  from  some  non- 
eomirrssioned  officer  of  the  Hospital  Corps. 


FIELD  SERVICE. 


CHAPTER  V. 


The  Camp  Fire  Crane. 


FIELD  SERVICE 

While    loyalty    to    superiors    is    most 
important  in  garrison,  it  is  more  so  in  the 
field,    especially    in    the    presence    of    the 
enemy,   where   the   lack  of  ab- 
solute   loyalty   on    the   part    of 
subordinates  may  defeat  the  plans  of  super- 
iors  and    result    in    disaster    for    both    subor- 
dinate and  superior. 

In  the  field  less  attention  is  paid  to  the 
appearance  of  dress,  niceties  of  military 
courtesy,  etc.,  than  in  garrison.  Field  ser- 
vice offers  a  better  opportunity  for  individual- 
ity, and  every  man  should  be  a  "natural  born 
hustler,"  bearing  in  mind  the  injunction,  "The  camp  Broom. 
Lord  helps  those  who  help  themselves." 

A  Good  Camp  Lamp  can  be  made  by  using  clear  tal- 
low fat,  (fat  of  animals),  melted  down  and  put  in  an  old 
tin  can.  Improvise  a  wick  from  unravelled  cot- 
ton or  tent  canvas,  put  one  end  in  can  and  the 
other  end  on  edge  of  can  and  wire. 

A  Good  Camp  Candlestick.  A  safe  one  can 
be  improvised  from  a  potato  with  a  hole  in  it — 
bottom  sliced  off  so  it  will  stand  fifmly — or  an  old  can  part- 
ly filled  with  dirt. 

A  Good  Camp  Spoon,  Knife  and  Fork  can  be  made  from 
a    shell    and    split    stick.     A    fork   can   easily   be    whittled,   and    a   good 


Camp  Pot.  Hook 
and  Poker. 


(Note:  The  illustrations  and  very  nearly  all  the  text  beginning  with,  "A  Good 
Camp  Lamp,"  on  this  page  to  "To  Make  a  Good  Camp  Lantern,"  page  266,  are  from 
"COMPLETE  CAMPERS'  Manual,"  published  by  the  Gold  Medal  Furniture  Co.) 


74 


CHAPTER  V. 


knife  made  from  a  piece  of  tin  cut  from  an  old  can  and  inserted  in  a 
split  stick;  lash  it  tight  with  wire. 

A  Good  Dinner  Plate  or  Cooking  Utensil, 
from  a  piece  of  green  thick  barky  tree,  using 
smooth  part  for  food. 

Any    Old   Tin    Can..     Top    care- 
fully  burnt   out   over   camp    fire,   then 
scoured    makes    a    good    cup    or    small    cooking    utensil. 
Make  handle  of  wire  as  shown  in  illustration. 

Frying  or  Broiling  without  Utensils.  Use  the  green,  thick  bark 
of  a  tree,  rough  side  down  on  fire.  Use  the  camp  fire  tongs  (as  illus- 
trated on  page  264)  or  make  a  toaster  and  broiler  as  shown,  from  a 


The  Bark  Plate  aud  Broiler. 

stick  having  a   split   end   which   will   hold   the   meat   over   a   hot   coal 
fire.     Don't  pierce  the  meat. 

Always  carry  a  small  bag  of  salt  in  the  haversack. 

A  Reliable  Camp  Clock.  A  very  accurate 
one  can  be  improvised  by  making  a  sun  dial  of  a 
piece  of  stick  stuck  in  the  earth  where  the  sun's 
rays  can  cast  the  shadow  of  the  stick  on  the 
ground.  You.  can  mark  the  ground  most  accur 
ately  if  one  of  your  party  has  a  watch.  Then  the 
clock  will  serve  you  well,  when  the  man  with 
the  watch  is  gone. 

Don't  Spoil  a  Good  Knife.  In  opening  tin  cans  in  camp,  take 
the  camp  axe.  Cut  a  cross  in  the  center  and  open  the  cuts  afterward, 
but  not  with  the  fingers. 

To  Heat  a  Tent  Without  a  Stove.  Build  a  camp  fire  near  tent 
opening,  surround  it  partly  with  a  radiator  of  logs,  bark  of  tree  or  brush. 
so  as  to  throw  the  heat  inside. 


FIELD  SERVICE. 


75 


Another  Way.  Throw  into  camp  fire  a  lot 
of  stones,  the  larger  the  better,  let  them  get  red 
hot,  put  into  bucket  and  carry  into  tent,  invert 
the  bucket  over  them,  and  it  will  surprise  you. 
With  a  change  of  stones  in  the  fire  you  can  renew 
and  keep  warm  all  night  long; — or  use  camp 
kettle. 

Still  Another  Way.  (Perfectly  safe  if  com- 
mon sense  is  used).  Dig  a  pit  half  a  bucket  in 
size  somewhere  in  the  tent.  Fill  it  heaping  full 
of  red  hot  clear  coals  (embers)  from  the  camp  fire, 
taking  care  no  unburnt  or  smoky  wood  is  therein. 
Now  cover  this  with  the  kettle  or  pail.  With 
mud,  plaster  up  the  edges,  and  it  will  keep  your 
tent  and  you  warm  all  night  long.  Use  camp 
pails  (iron  of  course). 

And  Still  Another  Way.  Dig  a  trench  from 
interior  of  tent  to  a  fire  in  a  hole  outside  of  tent,  covering  the  trench 
with  old  pieces  of  tin,  sod,  etc.  To  heat  all  the  space  in  the  tent,  dig 
a  trench  all  the  way  through  the  tent,  having  the  fire  at  one  end  of 
trench  and  the  chimney  at  the  other,  both  fire  and  chimney  being,  of 
course,  outside.  The  hot  air  passing  through  the  trench-flue  will 
keep. the  tent  warm. 

In  Case  of  Fire  in  Tent.  If  serious,  lay  hold  of  the  bottom  of 
the  bedding  and  pull  out,  and  with  a  blanket  s'mother  the  fire,  quickly. 
If  fire  is  caught  in  time  you  can  smother  it. 

Let  the  tent  go,  but  save  the  outfit  therein,  if  possible.  You  can 
improvise  shelter  but  not  the  outfit,  so  save  that  part  first. 

To  Find  Out  Correctly  How  the  Winds  Blow.  If  the  wind  is 
very  light,  place  your  finger  in  your  mouth  for  a  minute,  moisten  it, 
then  hold  it  in  the  air.  The  coolest  side  indicates  the  direction  from 
which  the  wind  blows. 

A  Good  Fire  Shovel. — Can  be  made 

£ {    of  a  piece  of  tin  and  a  split  stick;  it  is  also 

an  excellent  broiler. 
How  to   Sleep   Warm.     Sheets   of  paper,   or   an   old   newspaper 
sewed  between  two  blankets,  equals  three  blankets.     A  thin  vest  lined 
with  paper  equals  two. 

In    cold   weather,    it   is   most    important   both    for    comfort    and 


76  CHAPTER  V. 

health  that  the  extremities  be  kept  warm  at  night.  A  sweater  with 
high  rolling  collar,  a  pair  of  heavy  woolen  socks  and  a  woolen  knitted 
night-cap  are  excellent  for  this  purpose,  being  equivalent  to  two  or 
three  blankets. 

Chafing.  If  the  seams  of  underwear  chafe  or  gall  the  skin,  turn 
inside  out.  Common  corn  starch  is  a  most  excellent  talcum  or  chafing 
preventative  and  cure. 

If  Soaking  Wet.  If  soaking  wet  and  no  dry  clothes  handy 
take  off  wet  garments  and  wring  them  out  as  dry  as  possible — put 
on  again, — you  are  less  liable  to  take  cold,  and  will  be  much  warmer 
besides. 

Burn  Up  All  Kitchen  and  Table  Refuse.  Even  potato 
skins  and  wet  tea  or  coffee  grounds,  burn  out  even  tin  cans  in 
the  camp  fire,  if  thrown  out  they  are  fly  and  maggot  breeders, 
and  mean  lots  of  flies  in  camp.  Burnt  out  and  thrown  aside 
they  are  harmless. 

To   Test  the   Freshness   of   Meats,    Game,   Etc.     Thrust 
a   knife   blade   into   center   of  flesh — remove   the   blade ;    your 
nose  to  the  knife  blade  will  do  the  rest.     Meat  is  often  fresh 
Camp    outside  when  the  inside  is  not.     Your  nose  can't  tell  inside- 
Tongs,   the  knife  blade  can. 

For  Washing  Flannels  and  Woolens.  Don't  wring  out,  hang 
them  up  dripping  wet  and  they  won't  wrinkle  up  or  shrink. 

To  Keep  Fresh  Meats,  Game,  Etc.  By  hanging  in  old  sack, 
sack  opening  downward;  secure  with  cord,  tied  to  legs  of  game;  then 
take  a  few  branches  of  leaves  and  cover;  the  rustle  of  these  leaves 
will  help  keep  the  flies  away  and  the  meat  cool.  Fasten  the  bottom 
opening  with  splinters  of  wood,  so  you  can  get  at  meat  without  trouble. 
Biscuit  Cutter  and  Rolling  Pin.  The  tin  baking  powder  can 
cover  makes  an  excellent  biscuit  cutter  and  any  bottle  a  good  rolling 
pin — even  an  unopened  can. 

To  Cool  Water.  Any  old  well  soaked  cloths,  wrapped  around 
outside  of  bottle  or  bucket  will,  if  hung  in  the  shade,  help  cool  con- 
tents. Remove  the  cork. 

Water  may  also  bs  cooled  by  wetting  the  canteen  and  then  hanging 
in  a  cool  place. 

Clothes  Hanger.  A  wire  or  rope  stretched  across  upper  part  of  the 
vertical  tent  poles  makes  a  good  clothes  hanger. 


FIELD  SERVICE.  77 

Hot  Water  Bottle.  A  canteen  filled  with  boiling  water  is  a 
foot  warmer  (a  hot  water  bottle  for  your  camp  bed),  that  insures 
you  the  warmth  of  an  extra  blanket,  and  is  invaluable  in  emergencies 
of  camp  sickness. 

Life  Preservers.  Three  or  four  empty  canteens,  tightly  corked 
and  fastened  together,  make  a  very  good  life  preserver. 

A  Good  Camp  Bed  for  Tents,  or  Tent  Carpet.  Take  fine  ends 
of  any  branch  clippings,  and  plenty  of  them.  Commence  at  the  head 
of  tent,  lay  rows  of  them  butts  to  the  rear,  in  successive  layers. 
If  this  is  done  right  and  carefully  and  ends  locked  with  a  log  rolled 
on  so  as  to  hold  end  in  place,  an  extremely  soft  bed  is  the  result. 
Over  this  spread  a  piece  of  canvas  or  blanket. 

If  Thirsty  and  Can't  Find  Water.  Place  a  pebble  or  button 
in  the  mouth  and  keep  it  there;  it  will  surprise  you  with  the  result, 
and  relieve  that  dryness  entirely — try  it. 

Lost  in  Camp.  When  you  find  you  have  lost  your  way,  don't 
lose  your  head — keep  cool;  try  and  not  let  your  brains  get  into  your 
feet.  By  this,  we  mean,  don't  run  around  and  make  things  worse, 
and  play  yourself  out.  First:  Sit  down  and  think;  cool  off,  then 
climb  a  tree,  or  hill,  and  endeavor  to  locate  some  familiar  object  you 
passed,  so  as  to  retrace  your  steps.  If  it  gets  dark,  build  a  rousing 
camp  fire.  Ten  to  one  you  will  be  missed  from  camp,  and  your 
comrades  will  soon  be  searching  for  you,  and  your  fire  will  be  seen 
by  them.  Give  distress  signals,  but  don't  waste  all  your  ammunition 
thus.  It's  ten  to  one  morning  and  a  clear  head,  after  a  comfortable 
night,  (if  you  make  it  so)  will  reveal  to  you  the  fact  that  your  camp 
is  much  closer  to  you  than  you  imagined. 

To  locate  position — note  the  limbs  and  bark  of  trees — the  north 
side  of  trees  can  be  noted  by  the  thickness  and  general  roughness. 
Moss  most  generally  is  to  be  found  near  the  roots  on  the  north  side. 
Note  also,  limbs  or  longer  branches,  which  generally  are  to  be  found 
longer  on  south  side  of  trees,  while  the  branches  exposed  to  the 
north  most  generally  are  knotty,  twisted  and  drooped.  In  the  forest 
the  tops  of  the  pine  trees  dip  or  trend  to  the  north ;  also :  If  you 
find  water,  follow  it;  it  generally  leads  somewhere — where  civilization 
'exists.  The  tendency  of  people  lost,  is  to  travel  in  a  circle  uselessly: 
by  all  means,  keep  cool,  and  deliberate.  Blaze  your  way,  by  leaving 
marks  on  trees  to  indicate  the  direction  you  have  taken. 


78  CHAPTER  V. 

To  Make  a  Fire  Without  Matches.  Take  a  dry  handkerchief 
or  cotton  lining  of  your  coat,  scrape  out  a  very  fine  lint,  a  few  hand- 
fuls,  by  using  the  crystal  of  your  watch,  compass  or  spectacle,  a  sun 
glass  can  be  made  that  will  ignite  the  lint,  which  can  be  blown  to  fire. 

Another  Way.  Sprinkle  powder  of  cartridge  as  a  fuse  to  the 
cotton  lint,  and  with  the  cartridge  percussion  cap  you  can  easily 
ignite  the  lint,  dry  moss,  leaves,  etc. 

Still  Another  Way.  Take  scrapings  of  very  fine  pine  wood,  find 
a  piece  of  quartz  or  hard  ragged  rock,  by  using  your  knife  or  bayonet 
as  a  steel  you  have  a  practical  flint  and  steel.  If  you  haven't  these 
things,  use  two  pieces  of  rough,  jagged  stone  and  by  striking  them 
together  sharply  in  slanting  blows  you  can  ignite  the  lint  or  scrapings. 

To  Dry  Inside  of  Wet  Boots,  Shoes,  Etc.  The  last  thing  at 
night  take  a  few  handfuls  of  clean  dry  pebbles,  heat  them  in  frying 
pan,  kettle  or  campfire  until  very  hot,  place  them  in  the  boots  or  shoes, 
they  will  dry  them  out  thoroughly  in  a  few  hours,  shake  once  in  a 
while.  Oats  or  corn  may  also  be  used,  but  they  are  not  available  always 
and  pebbles  are.  Now  is  an  excellent  time  to  grease  or  oil  them. 

To  make  a  Good  Camp  Lantern.  From  any  ordinary  clear 
glass  bottle,  if  the  bottle  is  long  necked.  Heat  a  piece  of  wire  red 
hot,  and  wrap  it  around  the  part  below  the  neck,  the  wide  part, 
submerge  the  neck  into  a  bucket  of  water  and  it  will  cut  the  part 
surrounded  by  the  hot  wire  as  smooth  and  clean  as  if  cut  to  order. 
Now  wire  a  handle  to  carry  it  by,  with  a  loop  over  the  bottom,  fill  J4 
full  with  moist  dirt  or  sand,  forming  a  hole  therein  with  a  round  stick, 
insert  your  piece  of  candle  in  this  hole,  cover  with  a  piece  of  old  tin 
can  top  (perforated  with  holes)  and  you  have  a  good  outside  camp 
lantern. 

To  Keep  Matches  Dry.     Cork  a  few  in  a  small  bottle. 

To  Correctly  Ascertain  the  Points  of  the 
Compass.  Face  the  sun  in  the  morning;  spread 
out  your  arms  straight  from  the  body— before 
you  is  east,  behind  you  the  west,  to  your  right 
hand,  the  south,  left,  north,  (accurately.)  If  the 
sun  don't  shine,  note  the  tops  of  pine  trees,  they 
invariably  dip  to  the  north.  (See  also  lost  in 
camp). 


FIELD  SERVICE.  79 

Bathing.  Be  careful  about  bathing  in  strange  places.  Don't  dive ; 
weeds  may  be  at  bottom  or  sharp  rocks.  Water  that  looks  inviting 
often  is  full  of  treacherous,  slimy  weeds  in  which  once  caught  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  get  free.  Look  out  for  deep  unseen  mud  holes. 
Better  splash  water  over  body  than  to  take  big  risks. 

Drying  Clothes  in  Cloudy  Weather.  Build  a  dome-shaped  work 
by  bending  twigs  into  a  half  circle,  with  ends  in  ground,  over  a 
smoldering  fire,  and  place  the  clothes  on  the  bent  twigs. 

Fording  Streams.  In  case  of  a  quick-sand  bottom,  send  in  a 
few  men  on  foot  to  find  a  solid  place.  Stakes  are  then  driven  to 
mark  the  way,  and  the  command  crosses  the  stream.  Wagons  should 
not  stop  while  crossing  a  stream,  for  in  case  of  soft  bottoms,  they  will 
likely  get  bogged. 

Mules  should  always  be  watered  before  starting  to  cross  a 
stream — otherwise  they  will  very  likely  stop  to  drink,  and  the  wagon 
may  get  stuck. 

It  is  well  to  remember  that  the  shallowest  water  is  generally 
found  from  one  salient — that  is,  one  projecting  point — of  the  bank 
to  another,  diagnally  across.  The  bends  and  hollows  or  re-entrants 
usually  have  the  deepest  water. 

To  Cross  an  Unfordable  Stream.  If  narrow,  try  to  construct 
a  bridge  of  some  kind,  or  make  a  temporary  crossing  by  felling  trees 
opposite  to  each  other  on  opposite  si'des. 

Wagon  bodies  covered  with  canvas  or  wagon  sheets,  lashed 
,at  the  ends  and  fastened,  make  good  boats. 

INDIVIDUAL  COOKING 

The  following  remarks  on  individual  cooking,  prepared  by 
Captain  Holbrook  and  published  by  the  Fort  Riley  Training  School 
for  Bakers  and  Cooks,  are  of  so  valuable  a  nature  that,  with  the 
permission  of  the  author,  they  are  here  reproduced: 

For  such  individual  cooking  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  soldier 
when  thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  the  following  Bills  of  Fare 
have  been  prepared.  Where  the  tin  cup  and  spoon  are  mentioned, 
reference  is  made  to  those  issued  with  the  field  mess  kit. 

Remember  that  the  best  fire  for  cooking  is  a  small,  clear  one, 
or  better  yet,  a  few  brisk  coals. 

Almost  anything  that  can  be  cooked  at  all  can  be  prepared  in 
the  mess  kit,  though  the  variety  is  necessarily  small  and  quantities 
limited  on  account  of  few  utensils  of  small  capacity. 


80  CHAPTER  V. 

TABLE  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 

The  Ordnance  tin  cup  holds  about  %  of  a  quart,  and  is  most 
convenient  in  determining  the  weights  of  the  several  components 
of  the  ration  used  in  the  field.  By  filling  it  level  full  of  the  several 
articles  noted  below,  the  weights  there  given  were  accurately  deter- 
mined. 

i  Ordnance  tin  cup  level  full  holds 

1  pound  of  flour. 
\l/2  pounds  of  beans. 
\l/2  pounds  of  rice. 
\l/2  pounds  of  pease. 
1/4  pounds  of  hominy. 
1%  pounds  of  corn  meal. 

10  ounces  of  coffee,  roasted  and  ground. 

6  ounces  of  tea,  English  breakfast. 

7  ounces  of  tea,  Oolong. 

10  ounces  of  tea,  Young  Hyson. 
il/2  pounds  of  sugar,  granulated. 

2  pounds  of  salt,  issue. 

Company  Commanders  in  estimating  the  amounts  that  will  be  re- 
quired for  each  meal  may  assume  that  one  man  will  consume  for  one 
meal  about 

1  ounce  of  sugar. 

y2  ounce  of  coffee,  1  ounce  chocolate  or  cocoa  or  1-10  ounce 
of  tea. 

4  ounces  of  dried  vegetables. 

4  ounces  of  flour  or  4  hardtacks. 

8  ounces  of  fresh  vegetables. 

4  ounces  of  sliced  bacon  or  6  to  8  ounces  of  fresh  meat. 

1-5  ounce  of  salt. 

1-50  ounce  of  pepper. 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  HANDLING  BILL  OF  FARE  NO.  1 

1.  Take  two-thirds  of  a  cup  of  water  and  bring  to  a  boil.  Add 
four  spoonfuls  of  rice  and  boil  until  soft,  i.  e.,  until  it  can  be  mashed  by 
the  fingers  with  but  little  resistance.  This  will  require  about  15  minutes. 
Add  two  pinches  of  salt  and,  after  stirring,  pour  off  the  water  and  empty 
the  rice  out  on  the  lid  of  the  mess  pan. 


FIELD  SERVICE. 


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82  CHAPTER  V. 

2.  Meanwhile,  fry  three  slices  of  bacon  until  slightly   browned   in 
the  mess  pan  over  a  brisk  fire  or  hot  coals,  and  lay  them  on  top  of  the 
rice,  leaving  sufficient  grease  in  the  pan  in  which  to  fry  the  flap  jack. 

3.  Take  six   spoonfuls   of   flour  and   one-third   spoonful   of   baking 
powder    and*  mix    thoroughly.      Add    sufficient    cold    water    to    make    a 
batter  that  will  drip  freely  from  the  spoon.    Add  a  pinch  of  salt  and  two 
pinches  of  sugar  and  pour  the  batter  into  the  mess  pan,  which  should 
contain  the  grease  from  the  fried  bacon.     Place  over  medium  hot  coals 
and  bake  from  five  to  seven  minutes;  see  that  it  will  slip  easily  in  the 
pan  and  then,  by  a  quick  toss,  turn  it  over  and  continue  the  baking  from 
five   to    seven   minutes    longer   or   until,   by   examination,    it    is    found    to 
be  done. 

4.  While  the  batter  is  frying,  wash  out  the  tin  cup;  fill  two-thirds 
with  water  and  let  come  to  a  boil.     Add  one  medium  heaping  spoonful 
of  coffee  and  stir  well  and,  if  desired,  one  spoonful  of  sugar  and  let 
boil  for  about  five  minutes.     Let  simmer  for  about  ten  minutes  longer. 
Settle  by  a  dash  of  cold  water  or  let  stand  a  few  minutes. 

.     A  hot  meal  is  now  ready  to  serve.     Time  about  40  minutes. 

MEATS 

Bacon.  Cut  side  of  bacon  in  half  lengthwise.  Then  cut  slices 
about  five  to  the  inch,  three  of  which  should  generally  be  sufficient  for 
one  man  for  one  meal.  Place  in  a  mess  pan  with  about  one-half  inch  of 
cold  water.  Let  come  to  a  boil  and  then  pour  the  water  off.  Fry  over 
a  brisk  fire,  turning  the  bacon  once  and  quickly  browning  it.  Remove 
the  bacon  to  lid  of  mess  pan,  leaving  the  grease  for  frying  potatoes, 
onions,  rice,-  flap  jacks,  etc.,  according  to  recipe. 

Fresh  Meat — To  fry.  To  fry,  a  small  amount  oi  grease  (1  to  2 
spoonfuls)  is  necessary.  Put  grease  in  mess  pan  and  let  come  to  a 
smoking  temperature,  then  drop  in  the  steak  and,  if  about  one-half  inch 
thick,  let  fry  for  about  one  minute  before  turning — depending  upon 
whether  it  is  desired  it  shall  be  rare,  medium  or  well  done.  Then  turn 
and  fry  briskly  as  before.  *  Salt  and  pepper  to  taste. 

Applies  to  beef,  veal,  pork,  mutton,  venison,  etc. 

Fresh  Meat — To  broil.  Cut  in  slices  about  one  inch  thich,  from 
half  as  large  as  the  hand  to  four  times  that  size.  Sharpen  a  stick  or 
branch  of  convenient  length^ — say  from  two  to  four  feet  long  and  weave 
the  point  of  the  stick  through  the  steak  several  times  so  that  it  may  be 
readily  turned  over  a  few  brisk  coals  or  on  the  windward  side  of  a  small 
fire.  Allow  to  brown  nicely,  turning  frequently.  Salt  and  pepper  to 


FIELD  SERVICE.  83 


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FIELD  SERVICE.  85 

taste.     Meat  with  considerable  fat  is  preferred,  though  any  meat  may  be 
broiled  in  this  manner. 

Fresh  Meat — To  stew.  Cut  into  chunks  from  one-half  inch  to  one 
inch  cube.  Fill  cup  one-third  full  of  meat  and  cover  with  about  one  inch 
of  water.  Let  boil  or  simmer  about  one  hour  or  until  tender.  Add 
such  fibrous  vegetables  as  carrots,  turnips  or  cabbage,  cut  into 
small  chunks,  soon  after  the  meat  is  put  on  to  boil,  and  potatoes, 
onions,  or  other  tender  vegetables  when  the  meat  is  about  half  done. 
Amount  of  vegetables  to  be  added,  about  the  same  as  meat,  depending 
upon  supply  and  taste.  Salt  and  pepper  to  taste.  Applies  to  all  fresh 
meats  and  fowls.  The  proportion  of  meat  and  vegetables  used  varies 
with  their  abundance  and  fixed  quantities  cannot  be  adhered  to.  Fresh 
fish  can  be  handled  as  above,  except  that  it  is  cooked  much  quicker, 
and  potatoes,  onions,  and  canned  corn  are  the  only  vegetables  generally 
used  with  it,  thus  making  a  chowder.  A  slice  of  bacon  would  greatly 
improve  the  flavor.  May  be  conveniently  cooked  in  mess  pan  or  tin  cup. 

FRESH  VEGETABLES 

Potatoes,  Fried.  Take  two  medium  sized  potatoes  or  one  large 
one  (about  one-half  pound),  peel  and  cut  into  slices  about  one-fourth 
inch  thick  and  scatter  well  in  the  mess  pan  in  which  the  grease  remains 
after  frying  bacon.  Add  sufficient  water  to  half  cover  the  potatoes, 
cover  with  the  lid  to  keep  the  moisture  in,  and  let  come  to  a  boil  from 
15  to  20  minutes.  Remove  the  cover  and  dry  as  desired.  Salt  and 
pepper  to  taste.  During  the  cooking  the  bacon  already  prepared  may  be 
kept  on  the  cover,  which  is  most  conveniently  placed  bottom  side  up 
over  the  cooking  vegetables. 

Onions,  Fried.     Same  as  potatoes. 

Potatoes,  Boiled.  Peel  two  medium  sized  potatoes  or  one  large 
one  (about  one-half  pound),  and  cut  in  coarse  chunks  of  about  the  same 
size — say  one  and  one-half  inch  cubes.  Place  in  mess  pan  and  three- 
fourths  fill  with  water.  Cover  with  lid  and  let  boil  or  simmer  for  15  or 
20  minutes.  They  are  done  when  easily  penetrated  with  a  sharp  stick. 
Pour  off  the  water  and  let  dry  out  for  one  or  two  minutes  over  hot  ashes 
or  light  coals. 

Potatoes  Baked.  Take  two  medium  sized  potatoes  or  one  large 
one  cut  in  half  (about  one-half  pound).  Lay  in  a  bed  of  light  coals, 
cover  with  same  and  smother  with  ashes.  Do  not  disturb  for  30  or  40 
minutes,  when  they  should  be  done. 


86  CHAPTER  V. 

Canned  Tomatoes.  One  two-pound  can  is  generally  sufficient  for 
five  men. 

Stew.  Pour  into  the  mess  pan  one  man's  allowance  of  tomatoes, 
add  about  two  large  hardtacks  broken  into  small  pieces  and  let  come  to 
a  boil.  Add  salt  and  pepper  to  taste,  or  add  a  pinch  of  salt  and  one- 
fourth  spoonful  of  sugar. 

Or,  having  fried  the  bacon,  pour  the  tomatoes  into  the  mess  pan, 
the  grease  remaining,  and  add  if  desired,  two  broken  hardtacks.  Set 
over  a  brisk  fire  and  let  come  to  a  boil. 

Or,  heat  the  tomatoes  just  as  they  come  from  the  can,  adding  two 
pinches  of  salt  and  one-half  spoonful  of  sugar  if  desired. 

Or,  especially  in  hot  weather,  eaten  cold  with  hard  bread  they  are 
very  palatable. 

HOT  BREADS 

Flap  Jack.  Take  six  spoonfuls  of  flour  and  one-third  spoonful 
of  baking  powder  and  mix  thoroughly  (or  dry  mix  in  a  large  pan  before 
issue,  at  the  rate  of  25  pounds  of  flour  and  three  half  pound  cans  of 
baking  powder  for  100  men).  Add  sufficient  cold  water  to  make  a  batter 
that  will  drip  freely  from  the  spoon,  adding  a  pinch  of  salt.  Pour  into 
the  mess  pan,  which  should  contain  the  grease  from  fried  bacon,  or  a 
spoonful  of  butter  or  fat,  and  place  over  medium  hot  coals,  sufficient  to 
bake  so  that  in  from  five  to  seven  minutes,  the  flap  jack  may  be  turned 
by  a  quick  toss  of  the  pan.  Fry  from  five  to  seven  minutes  longer  or 
until,  by  examination,  it  is  found  to  be  done. 

Hoe  Cake.  Hoe  cake  is  made  exactly  the  same  as  flap  jack  by 
substituting  corn  meal  for  flour. 

EMERGENCY  RATION 

Emergency  Rations.  Detailed  instructions  as  to  the  manner  of 
preparing  the  emergency  ration  are  found  on  the  label  with  each  can. 
Remember  that  even  a  very  limited  amount  of  bacon  or  hard  bread, 
or  both,  taken  with  the  emergency  ration  makes  it  far  more  palatable, 
and  greatly  extends  the  period  during  which  it  can  be  consumed  with 
relish.  For  this  reason  it  would  be  better  to  husband  the  supply  of 
hard  bread  and  bacon  to  use  with  the  emergency  ration  when  it  becomes 
evident  that  the  latter  must  be  consumed,  rather  than  to  retain  the  emerg- 
ency ration  to  the  last  extremity  to  be  used  exclusively  for  a  longer 
period  than  two  or  three  days. 


DESCRIPTION   AND   NOMENCLATURE  OF       87 
THE  RIFLE. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

THE  USE,  DESCRIPTION  AND   MANAGEMENT  OF 
THE  RIFLE. 

The  soldier  should  know  his  rifle  as  he  knows  his  best  friend,  and 
should  thoroughly  understand  its  peculiarities,  if  it  has  any. 

The  man  who  can  not  shoot  reduces  materially  his  value  as  a  soldier. 

Every  soldier  should,  by  care,  practice  and  effort,  make  of  himself 
the  best  shot  he  is  capable  of  becoming. 

Every  noncommissioned  officer  should  study  carefully  the  principles 
laid  down  in  the  Small  Arms  Firing  Regulations.  To  those  who  would 
like  to  specialize  along  those  lines,  the  author  would  recommend  "Mod- 
ern Rifle  Shooting  in  Peace,  Wrar  and  Sport,"  by  Tippins  (Published  by 
J.  S.  Phillips,  121  Fleet  St.,  E.  C.  London). 

"Our  Military  Rifle  and  How  To  Use  It,"  by  Bowman  (Published 
by  ARMS  &  THE  MAN,  Washington,  D.  C.)  and  "Suggestions  To 
Military  Riflemen"  (Published  by  the  Franklin  Hudson  Pub.  Co.,  Kansas 
City,  Mo.)  contain  information  of  value  to  any  man  wishing  to  improve 
his  shooting. 

DESCRIPTION  AND   NOMENCLATURE  OF  THE  RIFLE.O) 

The  RECEIVER,  Fig.   i,  top  view,   Fig.  2,   right  side  view,  and   Fig. 
3,  front  end  view,  has  the  hole,  A,  called  the  well,  which  receives  the  bolt; 
the  magazine  opening,  B;  the  channel,  C,  for  the  top  locking  lug;  the 

_J 


w  

Q 

cut-off  seat,  D;  the  cut-off  thumb  piece  recess,  E;  ejector  pin  hole,  F; 
clip   slots,   G;    cocking   piece   groove,   H;   sear   nose   slot,   I;    extracting 

(1)The   text   and   illustrations   of   the   rest   of  this    chapter   are    from   the   Ord- 
nance Department  pamphlet  on  the  subject. 


88 


CHAPTER  VI. 


cam,  J;  sear  joint  pin  hole,  K;  gas  escape  hole,  'L;  recoil  lug,  M,  in  which 
is  the  hole  for  the  front  guard  screw;  the  recesses  for  the  bolt  locking 


lugs,   N   N ;    the  locking  cams,  O   O ;   the  locking  shoulders,   P   P ;   the 
safety  shoulder,  Q ;  and  the  cartridge  ramp,  R. 


Fig.  3. 


L' 


The  BOLT,  Fig.  4,  top  view,  Fig.  5, 
rear  view,  and  Fig.  6,  front  view,  has 
the  handle,  A;  the  locking  lugs,  B,  B. 
which  sustain  the  shock  of  the  discharge,  the  one  on  top  being1  slotted 
to  allow  the  passage  of  the  point  of  the  ejector;  the  safety  lug,  C,  which 
comes  into  play  only  in  the  event  of  the  locking  lugs  yielding  under 
powder  pressure;  the  extractor  collar  groove,  D;  extracting  cam,  E; 
sleeve  clearance,  F;  safety  lock  spindle  notch,  G;  sleeve  lock  notch,  H; 
firing  pin  hole,  I;  cocking  cam,  J;  cock  notch,  K;  extractor  tongue 
groove,  L;  the  rim,  M. 

Fig.  5.  Fi8-  6- 


DESCRIPTION  AND   NOMENCLATURE  OF       89 
THE  RIFLE. 

The  SLEEVE  LOCK,  Fig.  7,  left  end  view,  and  Fig.  8,  under  side 
view,  has  the  spindle,  A,  which  is  bored  out  to  receive  the  sleeve  lock 
spring;  the  latch,  B;  and  the  sleeve 
lock  pin  groove,  C.  It  is  designed  to 
prevent  accidental  turning  of  the  sleeve 
when  the  bolt  is  drawn  back. 

The  SLEEVE  LOCK  SPRING  and  PIN 
are  shown  in  Fig.  9. 

The  FIRING  PIN,  Fig.  10,  consists  of  tfre  firing  pin  rod,  A,  and  the 
cocking  piece,  B,  which  are  made  separately,  the  former  being  screwed 


Fig.  9. 


Fig.  7 


into  the  latter  and  riveted  in  assembling;  the  length  of  the  rod  is  so 
adjusted  that  when  the  front  end  of  the  cocking  piece  bears  against  the 
interior  shoulder  of  the  sleeve  the  striker  point  will  project  the  proper 
distance  beyond  the  face  of  the  bolt.  Other  parts  are  the  knob,  C;  lug, 
D;  cocking  cam,  E;  nose,  F;  sear  notch,  G;  locking  shoulder,  H;  locking 
groove,  I ;  neck,  J ;  and  head,  K. 

The  FIRING  PIN  SLEEVE,  Fig.  n,  sectional  view,  fits  over  the  front  end 
of  the  firing  pin  and  the  rear  end  of  the  striker,  covering  the  joint  hole, 


Fig.  11 


Fig.  12. 


and   preventing  accidental   separation  of  the  firing  pin   and   striker;   its 
rear  end  forms  the  front  bearing  for  the  mainspring.  u 

The  STRIKER,  Fig.  12,  has  the  point,  A;  the  body,  B;  the  shoulder, 
C;  and  the  joint  hole,  D,  by  which  it  is  secured  to  the  firing  pin.  The 
annular  grooves  on  the  striker  retain  the  lubricating  oil  and  prevent 
the  accumulation  of  rust  thereon. 


90 


CHAPTER  VI. 


The  MAINSPRING  is  shown  in  Fig.  13. 

Fig.  13. 


The  EXTRACTOR,  Fig.  14,  inside  view,  Fig.  15,  top  view,  and  Fig. 
16,  front  end  view,  has  the  hook,  A,  by  which  the  cartridge  case  is  ex- 
tracted from  the  chamber,  the  tongue,  B,  which  rides  in  its  groove  at  the 


Fig.  14. 


Fig.  181 


front  end  of  the  bolt;  the  lug,  C  C,  which  is  undercut  to  receive  the  ears 

on  the  lugs  of  vhe  extractor  collar;  the  gas  escape  hole,  D;  and  the  back 

rest,  E,  which  is  curved  to  fit  the  circle  of  the  bolt. 

The  EXTRACTOR  COLLAR,  Fig.  17,  end  view,  and  Fig.  18,  side  view, 

has  the  ears,  A  A,  which  fit  in  the  undercuts  on  the  inside  of  the  extractor. 

by  which  means  and  with  the  assistance  of  the  extractor  tongue  and 
groove  the  extractor  is  held  in  place.  The  col- 
lar is  bent  into  position  on  the  bolt  in  manu- 
facture, and  should  not  be  removed  unless  proper 
tools  are  at  hand  to  replace  it. 
The  EJECTOR,  Fig.  19, 
has  the  point,  A;  the  heel, 
B;  and  the  ejector  pin  hole, 
C.  It  is  hinged  on  the  ejector 
pin  in  its  recess  in  the  left 

side   of   the    receiver,    ejection    being   accomplished   by 

the  slotted  lug  on  the  bolt  coming  in  contact  with  the 

heel  when  the  bolt  is  drawn  to  the  rear. 

The  head  of  the  EJECTOR  PIN,  Fig.  20,  is  slotted 

for  the  purpose  of  providing  sufficient  tension  to  hold 

the  pin  in  its  place  during  the  process  .of  assembling. 


Fig.  19. 


Fig.  20. 


DESCRIPTION   AND   NOMENCLATURE  OF 
THE  RIFLE. 


91 


Fig.  21. 


The  SAFETY  LOCK,  Fig.  21,  rear  and  side  views,  consists  of  the  thumb 
piece,  A,  the  spindle,  B,  spring,  C,  and  spring  spindle,  D,  assembled  in 

manufacture.  It  has  the  cam,  E ;  the 
locking  groove,  F;  the  cocking 
' I  piece  groove,  G ;  the  spring  spindL' 
hole,  H;  and  the  bolt  clearance,  I. 
The  spring  and  spring  spindle  are 
shown  in  Fig.  Fig  22 

22}  the  latter,  i 
projecting  in- 
to its  groove  in  the  sleeve,  under 
the  action  of  the  spring,  prevents 
any  movement  of  the  safety  lock 
to  the  rear,  and  when  in  the  recesses  in  the  groove,  retains  the  safety  lock 
turned  either  to  the  right  or  left  or  in  the  vertical  position  for  dismount- 
ing bolt  mechanism.  The  words  "Safe"  and  "Ready"  impressed  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  the  thumb  piece  indicate  that  the  firing  mechanism  is  locked 
or  ready  for  firing. 

The  GUARD,  of  which  the  body  'of  the  magazine   forms  a  part,  is 
shown  in  Fig.  23,  top  view,  and  Fig.  24,  right  side  view.     Its  parts  are : 

Fig.  23. 


guard  bow,  A;  front  tang,  B;  rear  tang,  C; 
front  guard  screw  stud,  D;  magazine  walls, 
E;  rear  end  of  magazine,  F;  floor  plate  catch 
pin  hole,  G;  front  guard  screw  hole,  H;  rear 


92 


CHAPTER  VI. 


guard  screw  hole,  I;  trigger  slot,  J;  floor  plate  lug  slot,  K;  floor  catch 
spring  hole,  L;  floor  plate  catch  slot,  M;  ramp,  N;  and  the  lightening 
cuts,  O. 

The  FLOOR  PLATE,  Fig.  25,  inside  view,  and  Fig.  26,  sectional  view, 
has  the  tenon,  A,  which  fits  into  a  groove  at  the  front  end  of  the  maga- 
zine and  with  Ihe  assistance  of  the  floor  plate  catch  retains  the  floor 

Fig.  25. 


Fig.  30. 


Fig.  27. 


plate  securely  in  its  place  at  the  bottom  of  the  magazine ;  the  lug,  B,  which 
is  slotted  to  receive  the  floor  plate  catch  and  has  a  tenon  on  its  front  end 
which  fits  into  a  slot  in  the  magazine ;  the  cavity,  C,  through  which  the 
floor  plate  catch  is  released  by  means  of  the  end 
of  a  bullet;  the  magazine  spring  recess,  D,  and 
the  magazine  spring  seat,  E. 

The  FLOOR  PLATE  CATCH,  Fig.  27,  hinges  on 

the   FLOOR   PLATE 

CATCH    PIN,   Fig.   28, 

and  is  operated  by  the 

FLOOR    PLATE    CATCH 

SPRING,   Fig.   29.     Its 

function    is   to    retain 

the   floor   plate   in   its 

seat. 

The  MAGAZINE  SPRING  is  shown  in  Fig.  30; 
the  smaller  end  slides  into  the  undercuts  on  the 
follower,  and  the  larger  end  fits  in  the  same  way 
into  the  undercuts  in  the  floor  plate. 


Fig-  28.  Fig.  29. 

•»   m 


DESCRIPTION   AND   NOMENCLATURE  OF 
THE  RIFLE. 


93 


The  FOLLOWER,  Fig.  31,  top  view,  and  Fig.  32,  right  side  view,  has 
the  rib,  A,  which  serves  to  locate  the  cartridges  in  the  magazine  and  guides 
the  last  cartridge  into  the  chamber;  the  front  stop  for  the  magazine  spring, 

Fig.  31. 


B;  the  rear  stop  for  magazine  spring,  C,  and  the  lugs,  D,  in  which  are  the 
undercuts  for  the  magazine  spring. 

The  CUT-OFF,  Fig.  33,  side  view,  Fig.  34,  rear  view,  and  Fig.  35,  outer 
edge,  has  the  thumb  piece,  A;  body,  B;  magazine  fire  groove,  C;  dis- 
mounting groove,  D;  cut-off  spindle  hole,  E;  cut-off  spring  spindle  hole, 
F;  cut-off  spindle  screw  hole,  G,  and  the  serrature,  H.  The  words  on 


Fig.  34. 


Fig.  35. 


opposite  sides 
of  the  thumb 
piece  indicate  to 
the  firer  whether 
the  magazine  is 

"on"  or  "off."  When  the  cut-off 
thumb  piece  is  turned  down,  indicat- 
ing "off,"  and  the  bolt  is  drawn  to 
the  rear,  the  rear  end  of  the  slotted 
locking  lug  stops  against  the  project- 
ing front  end  of  the  cut-off  body.  The  piece  is  then  ready  for  single 
loading.  When  the  cut-off  thumb  piece  is  turned  up,  indicating  "on,"  and 
the  bolt  is  drawn  to  the  rear,  the  rear  end  of  the  slotted  locking  lug  stops 
against  the  shoulder  at  the  rear  end  of  the  magazine  fire  groove.  The 
piece  is  then  ready  for  loading  from  the  magazine.  When  the  cut-off 
thumb  piece  is  in  the  intermediate  position,  the  dismounting  groove,  D, 
permits  the  bolt  to  be  drawn  entirely  out  of  the  receiver. 

The  CUT-OFF  SPINDLE,  Fig.  36,  has  the  cut-off  spindle  screw  groove. 
A,  and  the  dismounting  groove,  B. 


94 


CHAPTER  VI. 


The  CUT-OFF  SPINDLE  SCREW,  Fig.  37,  goes  through  the  cut-off  from 
the  outer  edge  of  the  thumb  piece,  its  end  fitting  into  the  groove  in  the 
cut-off  spindle. 


Fig.  36. 


Fig.  37. 


Fig.  38. 


Fig.  39. 


The  CUT-OFF  SPRING,  Fig.  38,  and  its  SPINDLE,  Fig.  39,  retain  the 
cut-off  in  its  seat  in  the  receiver  with  the  thumb  piece  turned  up  for 
loading  from  the  magazine,  down  for  single  loading,  or  in  the  inter- 
mediate position  for  permitting  the  removal  of  the  bolt.  The  spindle 
head  works  in  a  groove  in  left  side  of  receiver,  having  three  small 
notches  corresponding  to  the  above  positions  of  the  cut-off. 

The  TRIGGER,  Fig.  40,  right  side  view,  is  hinged  in  its  slot  in  the 


sear  by  the  TRIGGER 
PIN,  Fig.  41.  It  has 
the  finger  piece,  A;  the 
bearing,  B;  trigger  pin 
hole,  C ;  heel,  D ;  and  the 
stop,  E. 

The   FRONT    SIGHT, 
Fig.  42,  is  secured  in  its 

Fig.  44. 


Fig.  42. 


Fig.  43. 


Fig.  45. 


slot  in  the  front  sight  movable  stud  by  the  FRONT  SIGHT  PIN,  Fig.  43 ;  the 
pin  is  tapering,  and  its  small  end  is  driven  in  from  the  right  and  the  ends 
upset  to  prevent  accidental  removal. 

The  FRONT  SIGHT  FIXED  STUD  and  FRONT  SIGHT  MOVABLE  STUD,  with 
FRONT  SIGHT  in  place,  are  shown  assembled,  Fig.  44,  right  side  view,  and 
Fig.  45,  front  view.  The  FRONT  SIGHT  FIXED  STUD,  A,  has  a  slot,  B. 


DESCRIPTION  AND  NOMENCLATURE  OF 
THE  RIFLE. 


95 


which,  bearing  on  a  lug  on  the  upper  side  of  the  barrel,  prevents  lateral  dis- 
placement of  the  stud ;  and  hole,  C,  for  the  FRONT  SIGHT  STUD  PIN,  which 
prevents  longitudinal  displacement  of  the  stud.  The  FRONT  SIGHT  MOV- 
ABLE STUD,  D,  has  the  front  sight  pin  hole,  E.  It  is  held  by  the  undercut 
slot  in  the  front  sight  stud  and  secured  from  lateral  displacement  by  the 
FRONT  SIGHT  SCREW,  F.  The  recess  for  this  screw  is  not  drilled  in  the 
movable  stud  until  the  rifle  has  been  targeted  and  the  correct  position 
of  the  movable  stud  determined.  The  rear  face,  G,  of  both  the  front 
sight  fixed  stud  and  front  sight  movable  stud  is  serrated  to  prevent  any 
reflection  of  light  from  this  surface  interfering  with  the  aiming. 

The  REAR  SIGHT  FIXED  BASE,  Fig.  46,  rear  end  view,  and  Fig.  47, 
right  side  view,  has  the  holes,  A  and  B,  for  the  base  pin  and  base  spline, 
respectively,       b  y  Fig.  47. 

which  it  is  firmly 
secured  to  the 
barrel  and  lateral 
and  longitudinal 
movement  pre- 
vented ;  the  under- 
cut, D,  for  the 
tenon  of  the  hand 
guard ;  the  lighten- 
nig  cuts,  E;  the 
barrel  hole,  F;  the 

pivot  lug,  G,  for  the  movable  base;  the 
undercut,  H,  for  the  lip  on  the  rear  end  of 
the  movable  base;  the  undercut,  I,  for  the 
windage  screw  and  the  lip  on  the  front  end 
of  the  movable  base;  the  lug,  J,  on  the  top 
of  which  are  two  zero  marks  for  the  wind 
guage  graduations;  and  the  chamfer,  K, 
the  seat  for  the  windage  screw  collar.  This 
chamfer  is  carried  to  the  rear  to  permit  of 
the  assembling  of  the  fixed  base  and  the  o| 
windage  screw.  On  the  left  side  of  the 
front  lug  the  chamfer  corresponding  to  K 
is  merely  a  conical  recess  for  the  head  of  the  windage  screw. 

The  BASE  SPLINE  locates  and  prevents  the  base  from  turning  on  the 
barrel. 


96 


CHAPTER  VI. 


The  BASE  PIN,  similar  to  the  base  spline,  prevents  longitudinal  move- 
ment of  the  base  on  the  barrel. 

The  MOVABLE  BASE,  Fig.  48,  top  view,  and  Fig.  49,  right  side  view, 
has  the  ears,  A,  in  which  are  the  holes,  B,  for  the  joint  pin,  which  serves 


Fig.  48. 


spring  seat,  F,  which  is  undercut  to  admit 
the  lip  on  the  front  end  of  the  base 
spring,  the  lip,  G,  in  which  is  a  worm  gear 
for  the  engagement  of  the  windage  screw ; 
the  pivot  hole,  H,  for  the  pivot  lug  on  the 
fixed  base;  and  the  shoulders,  I,  on  which 
the  front  end  of  the  leaf  rests  when  down. 
The  hole,  K,  is  made  for  convenience  in 
manufacture. 

The  LEAF,  Fig.  50,  top  view   (when 
down),  and  Fig,  51,  right  side  view,  has 
the  joint,   A,   in   which   is   the  joint  pin 
hole;  the  rib,  B ;  the  undercut,  C,  for  the 
•drift  slide  and  the  sighting  notch,  D.    The 
free  end  of  the  base  spring  bears  against 
the  lower  end  of  the  leaf  and 
Fig.  52.    maintains  it  in  either  its  lowered 
or  raised  position.     The  leaf  is 
graduated     from     100    to    2,850 
yards.       The     lines     extending 
across  one  or  both  branches  of 
the  leaf  are   loo-yard  divisions, 
the  longer  of  the  short  lines  are 
5o-yard    and    the    shorter    lines 
25-yard  divisions. 


Fig.  SO. 
D 


as  a  hinge  for  the 
leaf;  the  wind  guage 
graduations,  C,  each 
point  of  which  cor- 
responds to  a  lateral 
deviation  of  four  in- 
ches for  each  100 
yards;  the  lip,  D, 
which  fits  in  the  un- 
dercut in  the  rear 
end  of  the  fixed 
base ;  the  spring 
opening,  E ;  the 

Fig.  51. 


Fur  53.          Fig.  54. 


The  DRIFT  SLIDE,  Fig.  52,  top  view  (leaf  down) 
has  the  peephole,  A;  the  field  view,  B;  the  drift  slide 
pin,  C,  riveted  to  the  slide  in  manufacture;  and  the 
peep  notches,  D.  The  lines  on  either  side  of  the 
peephole  and  lower  peep  notch  enable  the  drift  slide 
to  be  accurately  set  at  any  desired  graduation  on 
the  leaf. 

As  the  slide  is  moved  up  or  down  on  the  leaf 
the  drift  slide  moves  with  it  and  at  the  same  time 
has  a  lateral  movement  in  the  undercut  between  the 
branches  of  the  leaf,  thus  automatically  correcting 
for  drift.  This  movement  corrects  for  all  drift  up 
to  600  yards,  but  for  only  part  of  the  drift  beyond 
that  range. 

With  the  leaf  up,  ranges  from  100  to  2,350 
yards  can  be  obtained  through  the  peephole;  from 
loo  to  2,450  yards  through  the  lower  peep  notch  at 
the  bottom  of  field  view;  and  from  1,400  to  2,750 
yards  through  the  upper  peep  notch  in  the  upper 
edge  of  the  drift  slide. 

The  2,850-yard  range  is  obtained  through  the 
sighting  notch  in  the  upper  end  of  the  leaf. 

With  the  leaf  down  and  using  the  open  notch  in 
slide  cap  the  sights  are  set  for  530  yards  or  battle  line 
firing  for  the  down  position  of  the  slide. 

The  STOCK  is  shown  in  Fig.  53,  top  view,  and 
Fig.  54,  right  side  view.  The  parts  are  the  butt,  A; 
small,  B ;  magazine  well,  C ;  barrel  bed,  D ;  air 
chamber,  E,  which  reduces  the  charring  effect  of 
a  heated  barrel  on  the  stock;  small  butt  plate 
screw  hole  and  seat  for  the  butt  plate  tang,  F; 
butt  swivel  plate  seat,  G;  mortise  for  receiver 
tang  lug  and  hole  for  rear  guard  screw,  H ; 
mortise  for  scar  and  slot  for  trigger,  I  \cut-off 
thumb-piece  recess,  J ;  mortise  for  recoil  on  re- 
ceiver, K;  bed  for  fixed  base,  L;  grasp- 
ing grooves,  N;  shoulder  for  lower 
band,  O ;  bed  for  band  spring,  P ; 
shoulder  for  upper  band,  Q ;  channels 
for  decreasing  weight,  R ;  upper  band 


98 


CHAPTER  VI. 


screw  hole,  S ;  and  the  stock  screw  hole,  T.  The  large  hole  in  the  butt  is 
for  decreasing  weight,  and  the  smaller  one  is  a  pocket  for  the  combination 
oiler  and  thong  case. 

The  initials  of  the  inspector  and  the  year  of  fabrication  are  stamped 
on  the  left  side  in  the  rear  of  the  cut-off  thumb  piece  recess. 

The  HAND  GUARD,  Fig.  55,  right  side,  and  Fig.  56,  bottom  or  inner 

Fig.  55. 


Fig.  56. 


surface,  has  the  swell,  A,  for  the  protection  of  the  rear  sight;  the  shoulder, 
B,  for  the  lower  band;  the  shoulder,  C,  for  the  upper  band;   the  rear 
tenon,  D,  which  enters  the  undercut  in  the  fixed  base;  the  front 
tenon,  E,  which  enters  the  undercut  in  the  upper  band ;  the  clear- 
ance   F,    for   the   windage   screw    knob;    air   chamber,    H,    and 
recess,  I,  for  the  HAND  GUARD  CLIPS  which  are  shown  in  Fig. 
57.     The  hole  shown  in  the  cut  near  the  rear  end  of  the  inner 
surface  is  made  for  convenience  in  manufacture. 

The  BUTT  PLATE  is  represented  in  Fig.  58.     The  parts  are  toe.  A; 
tang,  B;  cap  hole,  C;  cap  ears,  D,  through  which  are  the  cap  pin  holes; 

Fig.  58. 


DESCRIPTION  AND  NOMENCLATURE  OF 
THE  RIFLE. 


99 


Fig.  59. 


spring  lug,  E;  large  butt  plate  screw  hole,  F;  and  small  butt  plate  screw 
hole,  G.  A  notch  is  cut  into  the  edge  of  the  cap  hole  to  facilitate  the 
opening  of  the  cap.  For  this  purpose  the  flange  of  the  head  of  a  car- 
tridge case  can  be  used. 

The  BUTT  PLATE  CAP, 
Fig.  60,  has  the  cap  pin  hole, 
A,  and  the  thumb  notch,  B. 
The  cap  is  hinged  between  the 
ears  of  the  butt  plate  on  the 
cap  pin  and  is  retained  either 
closed  or  open  by  the  free  end 
of  the  CAP  SPRING,  Fig.  59, 
which  bears  on  the  heel,  C. 

The  BUTT  SWIVEL  in- 
cludes the  plate,  swivel,  and 
pin  assembled. 

The  BUTT  SWIVEL  PLATE, 
Fig.6i,  has  the  holes,  A,  for  the  swivel  plate  screws;  B  for  the  swivel, 
and  C  for  the  swjvel  pin. 


Fig.  62 


The  BUTT  SWIVEL,  Fig.  62,  is 
retained  in  the  plate  by  the  BUTT 
SWIVEL  PIN,  Fig.  633. 

The    UPPER    BAND,    Fig.    63, 
has  the  bayonet  lug,  A;  the  ears, 
B,  in  which  are  the  holes  for  the 
stacking  swivel  screw ;  the  upper  band  screw  hole,  C,  and  the  undercut.  D, 
for  the  front  tenon  on  the  hand  guard. 


100 


CHAPTER  VI. 


The   STACKING  SWIVEL,  Fig.  64,   is  hinged  by  the  lug,  A,  between 
the  ears,  B,  of  the  upper  band,  on  the  STACKING  SWIVEL  SCREW. 


Fig.  64. 


Fig.  65. 


The  L  o  w  ER  BAND 
SWIVEL,  Fig.  65,  is  hinged 
by  its  lug,  A,  between  the 
ears  of  the  lower  band,  on 
the  LOWER  BAND  SWIVEL 
SCREW. 

The  LOWER  BAND, 
Fig.  66,  has  the  ears,  A, 
and  the  swivel  screwholes, 
B ;  the  front  or  upper  end 
is  designated  by  the  letter 
U.  The  lower  band  and 
swivel  are  split  between  the 
ears  in  order  to  give  better  adjustment  to  the  stock  and  hand  guard  and 
permit  removal  of  the  band  without  marring  the  stock. 

Fig.  66.  The  LOWER  BAND  SPRING,  Fig.  67, 

has  the  notch,  A,  which  holds  the  band 
in  place,  and  the  spindle,  B,  which  re- 
tains the  spring  in  the  stock. 

The  BAYONET,  Model  of  1905,  is 
shown  in  Fig.  68,  right  side  view,  with 
guard  and  tang,  cross-sectioned,  and 
right  grip  removed,  and  in  Fig.  69,  upper 
or  back  view,  with  blade  cut  off  a  short 
distance  from  the  guard. 

The  blade,  A,  the  tang,  B,  and  the 
pommel,  C,  are  forged  in  one  piece;  the 


Fig.  67 


A 

front  or  lower  edge  is  sharp  along  its  entire  length  and  the  back        JJ 
for  a  distance  of  5  inches  from  the  point. 

Immediately  in  the  rear  of  the  guard,   D,   the  tank  swells 
and  is  recessed  to  receive  the  scabbard  catch,  E,  and  the  bayonet 


Fig.  68. 


spring,  F.  The  swell  in  the  tang  also  serves  as  a  seat  for 
the  guard  which  is  riveted  to  the  blade  in  manufacture. 

The  opening  in  the  tang  and  pommel  for  the  bayonet 
catch,  H,  connects  with  the  recess  in  the  swell  of  the  tang 
and  allows  the  front  end  of  the  bayonet  catch  to  enter  its 
seat  in  the  scabbard  catch.  The  undercut  groove,  I,  receives 
the  stud  on  the  upper  band  when  the  bayonet  is  fixed,  the 
bayonet  being  held  in  place  by  the  bayonet  catch  pro- 
jecting through  the  hole,  K. 

The  BAYONET  GUARD,  Fig.  70,  rear  view,  has  the 
barrel  hole,  A;  the  mortise,  B,  for  the  blade;  the  cut,  C, 
for  the  scabbard  catch  and  scabbard  hook;  and  the  clear- 
ance cut,  D,  for  the  scabbard  hook.  There  are  also  two 
holes  for  the  bayonet  guard  rivets  not  shown  in  cut,  by 
means  of  which  the  guard  is  riveted  to  the  blade. 

The  BAYONET  CATCH,  Fig.  71,  side  view,  has  the  point, 
A ;  the  hole,  B,  which  is  a  clearance  for  the  bayonet  grip 
screw;  and  the  hook,  C,  which,  projecting  from  the  hole, 
K,  in  the  pommel,  engages  the  stud  on  the  upper  band  and 
retains  the  bayonet  in  its  place  on  the  rifle. 

The  BAYONET  SCABBARD  CATCH,  Fig.  72,  side  view, 
has  the  thumb  piece,  A;  the  hook,  B,  which  retains  the 
bayonet  in  the  scabbard  by  engaging  the  scabbard  hook; 
and  the  hole,  C,  which  receives  the  point  of  the  bayonet 
catch. 

Fig.  70. 
Fig.  71. 


Fig.  73.  Fig.  74. 


The  BAYONET  SCABBARD,  Fig.  73, 
side  view,  Fig.  74,  edge  view,  and  Fig. 
75,  cross  section  of  upper  end,  has  the 
wooden  body,  A,  made  in  two  pieces  and 
glued  together ;  the  rawhide .  cover,  B, 
which  increases  the  strength  of  the  scab- 
bard; the  leather  cover,  C;  the  mouth- 
piece, D,  riveted  to  the  body  by  the  rivets, 
E  E;  the  mouthpiece  hooks,  F  F,  ;either 
of  which  by  its  engagement  with  the  hook 
of  the  scabbard  catch  on  the  bayonet  re- 
tains the  bayonet  in  its  place  in  the  scab- 
bard;  the  scabbard  hook,  G,  attached  to 
the  body  by  the  hook  rivet,  H,  which 
passes  through  the  inside  and  outside 


Fig.  75. 


washers,  I  and  K,  and  the  stop  washer, 
L;  the  fastener,  M,  and  the  drain  eyelet, 
N.  An  offset  on  the  lower  end  of  the 
hook,  traveling  in  its  recess  in  the  stop 
washer,  limits  the  oscillation  of  the  hook 
to  50  degrees  on  each  side  of  the  vertical. 
Note. — The  cavalry  is  equipped  with 
the  U.  S.  Magazine  Rifle,  Model  of  1903, 
but  without  the  bayonet  or  bayonet  scab- 
bard. 


DESCRIPTION  AND  NOMENCLATURE  OF 
THE  RIFLE. 


103 


APPENDAGES  AND  ACCESSORIES. 

The  OILER  AND  THONG  CASE,  Fig.  76,  is  carried  in  the  butt  of  the 
stock.  It  consists  of  a  nickel-plated  brass  tube,  about  6  inches  long  and 
24  inch  in  diameter,  divided  transversely,  near  the  center,  by  a  partition, 

Fig.  76. 


with  both  ends  fitted  with  screw  caps.  In  one  section  is  carried  a  small 
supply  of  sperm  oil,  and  in  the  other  the  thong  and  brush  used  for  cleaning 
the  bore  of  the  rifle.  The  cap  on  the  oil  section  is  fitted  with  a  wire, 
flattening  at  its  point,  which  reaches  to  the  bottom  of  the  section  and  is 
used  for  applying  oil,  a  drop  or  more  at  a  time.  The  oil  is  only  for  the 

Fig.  77. 
F  B 


D      C 

lubrication  of  working  parts.  The  cap  is  also  provided  with  a  leather 
washer  to  prevent  leakage.  The  cap  on  the  thong  section  has  a  leather 
pad  on  its  outer  surface,  which  prevents  the  noise  that  would  result  from 


U 


the  oiler  striking  the  butt  plate  cap.  The  oiler  should  always  be  inserted 
in  the  stock  so  that  the  leather-tipped  cap  will  be  next  to  the  butt  plate 
cap.  The  parts  as  shown  in  cut  are:  Oiler,  A;  thong  case,  B;  oiler  cap, 


104 


CHAPTER  VI. 


C;  collar,  D,  into  which  the  cap  is  screwed;  washer,  E;  dropper,  F,  and 
thong  case  cap,  G. 

The  THONG  AND  BRUSH  are  shown  in  Fig.  77.  The  thong  tip,  A, 
into  which  the  brush,  B,  is  screwed,  is  provided  with  a  rag  slot,  C;  the 
thong  is  knotted  in  the  hole,  D,  in  the  tip,  and  also  in  the  hole,  E,  in  the 
weight.  In  cleaning  the  bore  by  means  of  the  thong,  the  brush  or  rag 
should  always  be  drawn  from  the  muzzle  toward  the  breech. 

The  CLEANING  ROD,  Fig.  78,  is  made  of  brass  rod,  0.25  inch  in 
diameter,  and  of  sufficient  length  to  extend  through  the  barrel.  It  has 
the  handle,  A;  the  knob,  B;  the  steel  collar,  C,  riveted  to  the  rod,  and  the 
brass  sleeve,  D,  pinned  to  the  rod.  The  handle  swivels  on  the  rod  be- 
tween the  collar  and  the  sleeve. 

The  FRONT  SIGHT  COVER,  Fig.  79,  right  side  view,  and  Fig.  80,  front 
view,  is  made  of  sheet  steel. 


Fig.  79. 


Fig.  80. 


The  SCREW-DRIVER,  Fig.  81,  has  the 
large  blade,  A;  the  small  blade,  B;  the 
spur,  C,  and  the  pin,  D.  The  large  blade 
should  be  used  for  the  large  butt  plate 


DESCRIPTION  AND  NOMENCLATURE  OF      105 
THE  RIFLE. 

screw,  the  butt  plate  cap  screw,  and  the  guard  screws ;  the  small  blade  for 
all  other  screws,  except  the  cut-off  spindle  screw,  for  which  the  spur 
should  be  used.  The  pin  serves  as  a  drift  in  removing  the  butt  plate  cap, 
ejector,  floor  plate  catch,  sear  joint  and  trigger  pins,  and  the  band  spring. 

THE  ASSEMBLED  PARTS  AND  THEIR  OPERATIONS 

Most  of  the  operating  parts  may  be  included  under  the  BOLT 
MECHANISM  and  MAGAZINE  MECHANISM. 

The  BOLT  MECHANISM  consists  of  the  bolt,  sleeve,  sleeve  lock, 
extractor,  extractor  collar,  cocking  piece,  safety  lock,  firing  pin,  firing 
pin  sleeve,  striker,  and  mainspring.  It  is  shown,  assembled,  in  Fig.  82. 
The  parts  shown  in  the  cut  are  handle,  A;  sleeve,  B;  safety  lock,  C; 
cocking  piece,  D;  safety  lug,  E;  extractor,  F;  extractor  collar,  G;  locking 
lugs,  H ;  extractor  tongue  groove,  I,  and  gas  escape  hole,  J. 

The  bolt  moves  backward  and  forward  and  rotates  in  the  well  of  the 
receiver;  it  carries  a  cartridge,  either  from  the  magazine,  or  one  placed 
by  hand  in  front  of  it,  into  the  chamber  and  supports  its  head  when  fired. 

The  sleeve  unites  the  parts  of  the  bolt  mechanism,  and  its  rotation 
with  the  bolt  is  prevented  by  the  lugs  on  its  sides  coming  in  contact  with 
the  receiver. 

The  hook  of  the  extractor  engages  in  the  groove  of  the  cartridge 
case  and  retains  the  head  of  the  latter  in  the  countersink  of  the  bolt  until 
the  case  is  ejected. 

The  safety  lock,  when  turned  to  the  left,  is  inoperative;  when 
turned  to  the  right — which  can  only  be  done  when  the  piece  is  cocked — 
the  point  of  the  spindle  enters  its  notch  in  the  bolt  and  locks  the  bolt; 
at  the  same  time  its  cam  forces  the  cocking  piece  slightly  to  the  rear, 
out  of  contact  with  the  sear,  and  locks  the  firing  pin. 

The  bolt  mechanism  operates  as  follows :  To  open  the  bolt,  raise  the 
handle  until  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  left  side  of  the  receiver  and 
pull  directly  to  the  rear  until  the  top  locking  lug  strikes  the  cut-off. 

Raising  the  handle  rotates  the  bolt  and  separates  the  locking  lugs 
from  their  locking  shoulders  in  the  receiver,  with  which  they  have  been 
brought  into  close  contact  by  the  powder  pressure.  This  rotation  causes 
the  cocking  cam  of  the  bolt  to  force  the  firing  pin  to  the  rear,  drawing 
the  point  of  the  striker  into  the  bolt,  rotation  of  the  firing  pin  being 
prevented  by  the  lug  on  the  cocking  piece  projecting,  through  the  slot 
in  the  sleeve,  into  its  groove  in  the  receiver.  As  the  sleeve  remains 
longitudinally  stationary  with  reference  to  the  bolt,  this  rearward  motion 


106 


CHAPTER  VI. 


Fig.  82 


of  the  firing  pin,  and  consequently  of 
the  striker,  will  start  the  compression 
of  the  mainspring,  since  the  rear  end  of 
the  latter  bears  against  the  front 
of  the  latter  bears  against  the  front 
end  of  the  barrel  of  the  sleeve  and  its 
front  end  against  the  rear  end  of  the 
firing  pin  sleeve. 

When  the  bolt  handle  strikes  the 
receiver,  the  locking  lugs  have  been 
disengaged,  the  firing  pin  has  been 
forced  to  the  rear  until  the  sear  notch 
of  the  cocking  piece  has  passed  the 
sear  nose,  the  cocking  piece  nose  has 
entered  the  cock  notch  in  the  rear  end 
of  the  bolt,  the  sleeve  lock  has  engaged 
its  notch  in  the  bolt,  and  the  main- 
spring has  been  almost  entirely  com- 
pressed. 

During  the  rotation  of  the  bolt  a 
rear  motion  has  been  imparted  to  it 
by  its  extracting  cam  coming  in  con- 
tact with  the  extracting  cam  of  the 
receiver,  so  that  the  cartridge  case  will 
be  started  from  the  chamber. 

The  bolt  is  then  drawn  directly 
to  the  rear,  the  parts  being  retained 
in  position  by  the  cocking  piece  nose 
remaining  in  the  cock  notch  and  locked 
by  the  sleeve  lock  engaging  its  notch 
in  the  bolt. 

To  close  the  bolt,  push  the  handle 
forward  until  the  extracting  cam  on 
the  bolt  bears  against  the  extracting 
cam  on  the  receiver,  thereby  unlocking 
the  sleeve  from  the  bolt,  and  turn  the 
handle  down.  As  the  handle  is  turned 
down  the  cams  of  the  locking  lugs 
bear  against  the  locking  shoulders  if 
the  receiver,  and  the  bolt  is  forced 


Fig.  84 


108 


CHAPTER  VI. 


slightly  forward  into  its  closed  position.  As  all  movement  of  the  firing 
pin  is  prevented  by  the  sear  nose  engaging  the  sear  notch  of  the  cocking 
piece,  this  forward  movement  of  the  bolt  completes  the  compression  of 
the  mainspring,  seats  the  cartridge  in  the  chamber,  and,  in  single  loading, 
forces  the  hook  of  the  extractor  into  the  groove  of  the  cartridge  case. 
In  loading  from  the  magazine  the  hook  of  the  extractor,  rounded  at  its 
lower  edge,  engages  in  the  groove  of  the  top  cartridge  as  it  rises  from  the 
magazine  under  the  action  of  the  follower  and  magazine  spring. 

The  position  then  occupied  by  the  parts  is  shown  in  Fig.  83  and  Fig. 
84,  and  the  piece  is  ready  to  fire. 

To  pull  the  trigger,  the  finger  piece  must  be  drawn  to  the  rear  until 
contact  with  the  receiver  is  transferred  from  its  bearing  to  the  heel, 
which  gives  a  creep  to  the  trigger,  and  then  until  the  sear  nose  is  with- 
drawn from  in  front  of  the  cocking  piece. 

Just  before  the  bolt  is  drawn  fully  to  the  rear,  the  top  locking  lug 
strikes  the  heel  of  the  ejector,  throwing  its  point  suddenly  to  the  right 
in  the  lug  slot.  As  the  bolt  moves  fully  to  the  rear,  the  rear  face  of  the 
cartridge  case  strikes  against  the  ejector  point  and  the  case  is  ejected, 
slightly  upward  and  to  the  right,  from  the  receiver. 

Double  loading  from  the  magazine  is  prevented  by  the  extractor  en- 
gaging the  cartridge  case  as  soon  is  it  rises  from  the  magazine  and  hold- 
ing its  head  against  the  face  of  the  bolt  until  ejected. 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  this  system  of  bolt  mechanism  the  compres- 
sion of  the  mainspring,  the  seating  of  the  cartridge  in  and  the  starting  of 
the  empty  case  from  the  chamber  are  entirely  cone  by  the  action  of  cams. 

The  piece  may  be  cocked  either  by  raising 
the  bolt  handle  until  it  strikes  the  left  side  of 
the  receiver  and  then  immediately  turning  it 
down  or  by  pulling  the  cocking  piece  directly 
to  the  rear. 

In  firing,  unless  the  bolt  handle  is  turned 
fully  down  the  cam  on  the  cocking  piece  will 
strike  the  cocking  cam  on  the  bolt,  and  the 
energy  of  the  mainspring  will  be  expended  in 
closing  the  bolt,  instead  of  on  the  primer; 
this  prevents  the  possibility  of  a  cartridge 
being  fired  until  the  bolt  is  fully  closed. 

The  opening  and  closing  of  the  bolt 
should  each  be  done  by  one  continuous  motion. 


Fig.  85 


7T— 0 


DESCRIPTION  AND  NOMENCLATURE  OF 
THE  RIFLE. 


109 


The  MAGAZINE  MECHANISM  includes  the  floor  plate,  follower,  maga- 
zine spring,  and  cut-off. 

Fig.  85  represents  a  cross  section  through  the  ejector  with  the 
magazine  loaded.  The  parts  shown  are  receiver,  A;  bolt,  B;  firing  pin, 
C;  ejector,  D;  clip  slots,  E;  bolt  locking  lug  channels,  F;  magazine,  G; 
follower,  H ;  magazine  spring,  I ;  and  floor  plate,  J. 

Fig.  86  shows  a  cross  section  through  the  magazine  with  the  maga- 
zine empty,  and  with  cut-off  "on,"  shown  in  projection.  The  parts  are 

receiver,  A ;  bolt,  B ;  firing  pin,  C ;  cut-off,  D ; 
rear  lug  slot,  E;  bolt  locking  lug  channels, 
F;  magazine,  G;  follower,  H;  magazine 
spring,  I ;  and  floor  plate,  J. 

To  charge  the  magazine,  see  that  the 
cut-off  is  turned  up  showing  "on,"  draw  the 
bolt  fully  to  the  rear,  insert  the  cartridge 
from  a  clip,  or  from  the  hand,  and  close  the 
bolt.  To  charge  the  magazine  from  a  clip, 
place  either  end  of  a  loaded  clip  in  its  seat  in 
the  receiver  and,  with  the  thumb  of  the  right 
hand,  press  the  cartridges  down  into  the  maga- 
zine until  the  top  cartridge  is  caught  by  the 
right  edge  of  the  receiver.  The  manner  in 
which  the  cartridges  arrange  themselves  in 

the  magazine  and  the  position  of  the  follower  and  compressed  magazine 
spring  are  shown  in  Fig.  85.  The  cartridge  ramp  guides  the  bullet  and 
cartridge  case  into  the  chamber.  The  magazine  can  be  filled,  if  partly 
filled,  by  inserting  cartridges  one  by  one. 

Pushing  the  bolt  forward,  after  charging  the  magazine,  ejects 
the  clip. 

When  the  cut-off  is  turned  down,  the  magazine  is  "off."  The  bolt 
can  not  be  drawn  fully  back,  and  its  front  end  projecting  over  the  rear 
end  of  the  upper  cartridge  holds  it  down  in  the  magazine  below  the 
action  of  the  bolt.  The  magazine  mechanism  then  remains  inoperative, 
and  the  arm  can  be  used  as  a  single-loader,  the  cartridges  in  the  magazine 
being  held  in  reserve.  The  arm  can  readily  be  used  as  a  single-loader  with 
the  magazine  empty. 

When  the  cut-off  is  turned  up,  the  magazine  is  "on  ;"  the  bolt  can  be 
drawn  fully  to  the  rear,  permitting  the  top  cartridge  to  rise  high  enough 
to  be  caught  by  the  bolt  in  its  forward  movement.  As  the  bolt  is  closed 
this  cartridge  is  pushed  forward  into  the  chamber,  being  held  up  during 


110 


CHAPTER  VI. 


its  passage  by  the  pressure  of  those  below.   The  last  one  in  the  magazine 
is  held  up  by  the  follower,  the  rib  on  which  directs  it  into  the  chamber. 

In  magazine  fire,  after  the  last  cartridge  has  been  fired  and  the  bolt 
drawn  fully  to  the  rear,  the  follower  rises  and  holds  the  bolt  open  to 
show  that  the  magazine  is  empty. 

PRECAUTIONS 

If  it  is  desired  to  carry  the  piece  cocked,  with  a  cartridge  in  the 
chamber,  the  bolt  mechanism  should  be  secured  by  turning  the  safety 
lock  to  the  right.  Under  no  circumstances  should  the  firing  pin  be  let 
down  by  hand  on  a  cartridge  in  the  chamber. 

To  obtain  positive  ejection,  and  to  insure  the  bolt  catching  the  top 
cartridge  in  magazine,  when  loading  from  the  magazine,  the  bolt  must 
be  drawn  fully  to  the  rear  in  opening  it. 

When  the  bolt  is  closed,  or  slightly  forward,  the  cut-off  may  be 
turned  up  or  down,  as  desired.  When  the  bolt  is  in  its  rearmost  posi- 
tion, to  pass  from  loading  from  the  magazine  to  single  loading  it  is 
necessary  to  force  the  top  cartridge  or  followed  below  the  reach  of  the 
bolt,  to  push  the  bolt  slightly  forward  and  to  turn  the  cut-off  down, 
showing  "off." 

In  case  of  a  misfire  it  is  unsafe  to  draw  back  the  bolt  immediately, 
as  it  may  be  a  case  of  hang-fire.  In  such  cases  the  piece  should  be  cocked 
by  drawing  back  the  cocking  piece. 

It  is  essential  for  the  proper  working  and  preservation  of  all  cams 
that  they  be  kept  lubricated. 

DISMOUNTING  AND  ASSEMBLING  BY  SOLDIER 
The  bolt  and  magazine  mechanism  can  be  dismounted  without   re- 
moving the  stock.     The  latter  should  never  be  done,  except  for  making 
repairs,  and  then  only  by  some  selected  and  instructed  man. 

Fig.  87. 


DESCRIPTION  AND  NOMENCLATURE  OF 
THE  RIFLE. 


Ill 


To  DISMOUNT  BOLT  MECHANISM 

Place  the  cut-off  at  the  center  notch;  cock  the  arm  and  turn  the 
safety  lock  to  a  vertical  position,  raise  the  bolt  handle  and  draw  out  the 
bolt  (Fig.  87.) 

Hold  bolt  in  left  hand,  press  sleeve  lock  in  with  thumb  of  right 
hand  to  unlock  sleeve  from  bolt,  and  unscrew  sleeve  by  turning  to  the 
left  (Fig.  88.) 

Fig.  88. 


Hold  sleeve  between  forefinger  and  thumb  of  the  left  hand,  draw 
cocking  piece  back  with  middle  finger  and  thumb  of  right  hand,  turn 
safety  lock  down  to  the  left  with  the  forefinger  of  the  right  hand,  in 
order  to  allow  the  cocking  piece  to  move  forward  in  sleeve,  thus  par- 
tially relieving  the  tension  of  mainspring;  with  the  cocking  piece  against 
the  breast,  draw  back  the  firing  pin  sleeve  with  the  forefinger  and  thumb 
of  right  hand  and  hold  it  in  this  position  (Fig.  89)  while  removing  the 
striker  with  the  left  hand;  remove  firing  pin  sleeve  and  mainspring;  pull 
firing  pin  out  of  sleeve ;  turn  the  extractor  to  the  right,  forcing  its  tongue 
out  of  its  groove  in  the  front  of  the  bolt,  and  force  the  extractor  for- 
ward (Fig.  90)  and  off  the  bolt. 


112 


CHAPTER  VI. 

Fig.  89. 


STBIZEB, 


To  ASSEMBLE  BOLT  MECHANISM 

Grasp  with  the  left  hand  the  rear  of  the  bolt,  handle  up,  and  turn 
the  extractor  collar  with  the  thumb  and  forefinger  of  the  right  hand 
until  its  lug  is  on  a  line  with  the  safety  lug  on  the  bolt;  take  the 

Fig.  90. 


extractor  in  the  right  hand  and  insert  the  lug  on  the  collar  in  the  under- 
cuts in  the  extractor  by  pushing  the  extractor  to  the  rerir  until  its  tongue 
comes  in  contact  with  the  rim  on  the  face  of  he  bolt  (a  slight  pressure 


DESCRIPTION  AND  NOMENCLATURE  OF      113 
THE  RIFLE. 

with  the  left  thumb  on  the  top  of  the  rear  part  of  the  extractor  assists 
in  this  operation ; )  turn  the  extractor  to  the  right  until  it  is  over  the  right 
lug;  take  the  bolt  in  the  right  hand  and  press  the  hook  of  the  extractor 
against  the  butt  plate  (Fig.  91)  or  some  rigid  object,  until  the  tongue  on 
the  extractor  enters  its  groove  in  the  bolt. 

Fig.  91. 


TONGUE . 



GROOVE. 


BOLT.  /    EXTRACTOR./ 

EXTRACTOR  COLLAR.         SAFETY  LUG. 


With  the  safety  lock  turned  down  to  the  left  to  permit  the  firing 
pin  to  enter  the  sleeve  as  far  as  possible,  assemble  the  sleeve  and  firing 
pin;  place  the  cocking  piece  against  the  breast  and  put  on  mainspring 
firing  pin  sleeve,  and  striker  (see  Fig.  91.)  Hold  the  cocking  pin  be- 
tween the  thumb  and  forefinger  of  the  left  hand,  and  by  pressing  the 
striker  point  against  some  substance,  not  hard  enough  to  injure  it,  force 
the  cocking  piece  back  until  the  safety  lock  can  be  turned  to  the  ver- 
tical position  with  the  right  hand;  insert  the  firing  pin  in  the  bolt  and 
screw  up  the  sleeve  (by  turning  it  to  the  right)  until  the  sleeve  lock 
enters  its  notch  on  the  bolt. 

See  that  the  cut-off  is  at  the  center  notch ;  hold  the  piece  under  floor 
plate  in  the  fingers  of  the  left  hand,  the  thumb  extending  over  the  left 
side  of  the  receiver;  take  bolt  in  right  hand  with  safety  lock  in  a  ver- 
tical position  and  safety  lug  up;  press  rear  end  of  follower  down  with 
left  thumb  and  push  bolt  into  the  receiver;  lower  bolt  handle;  turn 
safety  lock  and  cut-off  down  to  the  left  with  right  hand. 

To  DISMOUNT  MAGAZINE  MECHANISM 

With  the  bullet  end  of  a  cartridge  press  on  the  floor  plate  catch 
(through  the  hole  in  the  floor  plate),  at  the  same  time  drawing  the  bullet 
to  the  rear;  this  releases  the  floor  plate. 


114  .  CHAPTER  VI. 

Raise  the  rear  end  of  the  first  limb  of  the  magazine  spring  high 
enough  to  clear  the  lug  on  the  floor  plate  and  draw  it  out  of  its  mortise; 
proceed  in  the  same  manner  to  remove  the  follower. 

To  assemble  magazine  spring  and  follower  to  floor  plate,  reverse 
operation  of  dismounting. 

Insert  the  follower  and  magazine  spring  in  the  magazine,  place  the 
tenon  on  the  front  end  of  the  floor  plate  in  its  recess  in  the  magazine, 
then  place  the  lug  on  the  rear  end  of  the  floor  plate  in  its  slot  in  the 
guard,  and  press  the  rear  end  of  the  floor  plate  forward  and  inward  at 
the  same  time,  forcing  the  floor  plate  into  its  seat  in  the  guard. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


OCT   9  1916 


AUG  3  1918 


i  80  1920 
DEC   7  !«2f 

MffiT  6  1925 
SENT  ON  ILL 

MAY  (M  1994 

U.  C.  BERKELEY 


02618 


204128 


" 


